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BHSC 1119 > mod8 > Flashcards

mod8 Flashcards

1
Q

albumin

A

most abundant plasma protein (54%) transports fatty acids in blood

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2
Q

globulins

A

38% plasma proteins; includes antibodies

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3
Q

fibrinogen

A

7% of plasma proteins; for blood clots

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4
Q

formed elements

A

make up 45% of volume of blood; RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

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5
Q

Hemopoeisis occurs in:

A

yolk sac of embryo, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes of fetus; later on red bone marrow becomes primary site

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6
Q

Myeloid stem cells

A

comes from pluripotent stem cells; begins in red bone marrow and differentiate into RBCs, platelets, eisonophils, basophils, neutrophils and monocytes

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7
Q

Lymphoid stem cells

A

comes from pluripotent stem cells; begins in red bone marrow but completes development in lymphatic tissues; differentiate into T and B lymphocytes and NK cells

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8
Q

Erythropoietin

A

a hormone that is produced by kidney that stimulates the maturation of red cell precursors in bone marrow (when RBC level is too low)

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9
Q

Reticulocytes

A

immature RBCs, released from bone marrow due to erythropoietin stimulation; become mature within 1-2 days

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10
Q

Bilirubin

A

the non iron portion of heme is converted into biliverdin (green pigment) and then into bilirubin (yellow-orange pigment); secreted by liver cells into bile

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11
Q

feedback of RBC production

A

Hypoxia stimulates release of erhythropoietin (EPO) from the kidneys
EPO stimulates Proerythroblasts in red bone marrow to mature into reticulocytes (immature RBC)
these enter circulation increasing # and thus increasing amount of O2 delivery

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12
Q

Agranular WBCs

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

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13
Q

granular WBCs

A

basophils
eosinophils
neutrophils

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14
Q

Neutrophils (60-70%)

A

first cell to move from blood to site of injury; effective against bacterial pathogens via phagocytosis

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15
Q

monocytes (3-5%)

A

respond to tissue infection; become macrophages once in cell and clean up debris

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16
Q

Basophils (0.5-1%)

A

secrete histamine, heparin and 5HT; inflammatory response

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17
Q

Eosinophils (2-4%)

A

produce enzymes for allergic reaction; fight parasitic infections

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18
Q

Lymphocytes

A

T cells- attack viruses

B cells- develop into plasma and produce antibodies

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19
Q

Major histocompatibility (MHC) antigens

A

from WBC plasma membrane; act as identity markers; unique to each person

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20
Q

life span of RBC vs WBC vs platelets

A

RBC is about 120 days, WBC is only a few days /few hours (during infection)
platelets: 5-9 days

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21
Q

Megakaryocytes

A

derived from myeloid stem cells; produce platelets

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22
Q

Fibrous pericardium

A

prevents overstretching of heart; provides protection and anchors heart in place

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23
Q

serous pericardium

A

forms double layer around heart; parietal layer connects to fibrous pericardium and visceral layer (epicardium) adheres to hearts surface

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24
Q

Epicardium

A

outer layer of heart wall composed of mesothelium and connective tissue

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25
Q

myocardium

A

middle layer of heart wall; pumping action; muscle fibers connect via intercalated discs and electrically via gap junctions

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26
Q

Endocardium

A

simple squamous epithelium lines inside of myocardium and covers valves and tendons of heart

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27
Q

Auricle

A

pouch like extensions at surface of each atrium, increase capacity of each atrium to hold greater volume of blood

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28
Q

Chordae tendineae/papillary muscles (only in AV valve)

A

in atrioventricular valves (AV); chords that are anchored to papillary muscle then to ventricle walls; these are slack when blood is moving into ventricle; contraction of papillary muscle tightens chordae and prevents valve from opening

29
Q

SA node

A

main cardiac pacemaker located in RA; receives inputs from ANS; sends impulses to atria via gap junctions; initiates APs about 100X/min

30
Q

AV node

A

in interatrial septum; receives AP from SA node; here the APs slow giving time for atria to empty

31
Q

Bundle of HIS

A

receive AP from AV; within the interventricular septum; **only site where APs can conduct from atria to ventricle; then enter bundle branches

32
Q

Purkinje Fibers

A

rapidly conduct AP from apex of ventricle then to remainder of ventricular myocardium

33
Q

Arterioles

A

single layer of endothelium and very few muscle fibers, plays role in BP regulation via constriction and dilation

34
Q

capillaries

A

consist of thin wall of endothelium and basement membrane

35
Q

Capillary exchange (mention filtration and reabsoprtion)

A

capillary merges with arteriole: Bp is higher in capillary causing fluid to flow out of capillary and into interstitial fluid (filtration)
BP decreases in capillary as blood flows through but osmotic pressure increases (Due to large amount of proteins)
REABSORPTION then occurs when osmotic pressure exceeds BP and fluid leaves tissues and reneters capillary

36
Q

difference btw vein and artery

A

veins are thinner (middle and inner layers)
lumen of vein is wider
inner layers of vein forms valves
pressure is much lower in veins that in arteries

37
Q

2 mechanisms to ensure blood returns to heart

A

respiratory pump and skeletal muscle pump

38
Q

respiratory pump

A

during inspiration diaphragm will flatten, this causes blood to move from abdominal veins into thoracic veins and into RA (this pressure reveres on exhalation but valves prevent backflow)

39
Q

skeletal muscle pump

A

skeletal muscles contract to help push blood toward atrium via MILKING (compression of muscle pushes blood through the valves closer to heart; while valves in uncompressed segment of vein close as blood pushes against it)

40
Q

BP depends on: (2)

A 
total volume of blood in body 
vascular resistance  (increased resistance will increase BP)
41
Q

3 factors of vascular resistance

A 
lumen size (smaller lumen=greater R)
Blood Viscosity: thicker=greater R
Total blood vessel length: longer=greater R (increased fat cells cause increased number of vessels and thus greater resistance, therefore higher BP)
42
Q

Cardiovascular (CV) centre and BP control

A

in medulla; receives inputs from higher brain regions (hypothalamus will send impulse if body temp rises); and receives inputs from 3 sensory receptors

43
Q

3 sensory receptors that stimulate CV centre

A

proprioreceptors , baroreceptors and chemoreceptors

44
Q

proprioreceptors

A

(monitor movement of joints and muscles); cause rapid increase in HR at beginning of exercise

45
Q

negative FB of baroreceptors (pressure receptors)

A

BP falls and receptors are stretched less therefore sending impulse at slower rate to CV
CV decreases parasympathetic stimulation of heart and increases sympathetic
this increase BP causing receptors to stretch more (reverse for high BP; decrease sympathetic)

46
Q

chemoreceptors

A

monitor blood level of O2, CO2, and H; in common carotid arteries and aortic body; send impulse to CV which produce vasoconstriction in arterioles and veins via sympathetic stimulation to increase BP

47
Q

chemorecptors are stimulated by : (3)

A

hypoxia: lowered O2 in blood
acidosis: increased H concentration
Hypercapnia: excess CO2

48
Q

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system to control BP

A

blood level falls; kidneys release RENIN
Renin combines with ACE to form ANGIOTENSIN II
Angiotensin II raises BP by causing vasoconstriction and stimulates ALDOSTERONE
aldosterone increases reabsorption of Na and H2O by kidneys thus increasing BP

49
Q

Epinephrine/norepinephrine

A

from adrenal medulla; increase CO by increasing rate and force of contractions and via vasoconstriction of arterioles and veins

50
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

hypothalamus; released from posterior pit; responds to dehydration or decreased blood vol
causes vasoconstriction which raises BP

51
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

A

from atria of heart; lowers BP by vasodilation and promoting salt loss in urine

52
Q

Hepatic portal vein

A

union of splenic and superior mesenteric veins; receives blood from capillaries of digestive organs and delivers to sinusoids in liver

53
Q

Splenic vein

A

collects from spleen, stomach, pancreas, and portion of Lg intestine

54
Q

Superior mesenteric vein

A

collects from stomach, pancreas, SI, and protion of LI

55
Q

three main functions of lymphatic system

A

drains excess interstitial fluid
transport dietary lipids
carries out immune responses

56
Q

lymphatic capillaries are:

A

closed at one end and have extremely thin walls
located in spaces btw cells
slightly larger than blood caps
has structure allowing fluid to flow in but not out

57
Q

movement of fluid into lymphatic capillaries

A

when pressure is greater INSIDE caps, lymph cannot escape

when pressure is greater OUTSIDE caps, interstitial fluid will enter

58
Q

lymph nodes

A

600 along lymphatic vessels (mammary gland, axillae and groin); masses of T and B cells; lymph flows through the nodes; site for B cell maturation

59
Q

thoracic duct

A

main lymph-collecting duct; receives lymph from left side of neck, chest and upper lumbs and enitre body below ribs; empties lymph into junction of left internal jugular and left subclavian veins

60
Q

right lymphatic duct

A

drains lymph from upper right side of body into right jugular and right subclavian

61
Q

2 pumps maintain flow of lymph

A

skeletal muscle pump, and respiratory pump (inhalation lymph flows from abdominal to thoracic region, valves prevent backflow on exhalation)

62
Q

primary lymphatic organs and tissues

A

sites of stem cell division and dev of B and T cells; the bone marrow and the thymus

63
Q

secondary lymphatic organs and tissues

A

sites where most immune responses occur; includes lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic nodules

64
Q

thymus

A

contains lg number of T cells that are maturing; 2% of T cells that mature in thymus leave via blood and are carried to lymph nodes, spleen and tissues

65
Q

Spleen

A

largest lymphatic organ btw stomach and diaphragm; most vulnerable organ; contains white and red pulp

66
Q

white pulp

A

consists mostly of lymphocytes and macrophages

67
Q

red pulp

A

blood travels from white to red pulp; has venous sinusoids and chords of CT containing macrophages and lymphocytes

68
Q

3 functions of red pulp

A

removes worn out RBCs and platelets
stores platelets
produces RBCs in fetus (not adults)

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