Module 06: Shared Theories Flashcards
These theories are developed in response to the psychoanalytic thought that a person’s destiny was determined early in life. It also emphasized a person’s capacity for self actualization (hopeful and optimistic perspective).
Humanistic Theories
He is known as the Father of humanistic psychology. He charged the discipline to examine human strengths and stress human virtue
Abraham Maslow
According to Maslow, this is the main concept as he believes that an individual is an active participant who strives for self-actualization
Motivation
What are the assumptions the Maslow’s Human Needs Theory?
(1) Man is a wanting being
(2) Needs have a definite hierarchy of importance
(3) Attention to all human needs in essential for motivation
(4) A satisfied needs does not act as a motivator. As one needs is satisfied, another replaces it
This is the deficiency needs, basic needs and they are essential for human survival. Must be satisfied for a person to turn attention the higher level needs
D motives
These are the higher level needs, includes self-esteem and self- actualization which are reflective of growth potential
B Motives
These are the basic needs for human life: food, shelter, clothing, rest, air, water, sleep and sexual satisfaction. They have priority over all other needs and cannot be postponed for long
Physiological Needs
They are connected with the psychological fear of loss of job, property, natural calamities. These type of needs lose their motivational potential when they are satisfied
Security/Safety Needs
This is the desire to stay in a group and members should accept him with love and affection
Social Needs
This pertains to the need to be respected and appreciated by others. This is the need to have power and finally a prestigious position. It includes self confidence, self respect and self competence.
Esteem Needs (B motives)
This is the desire to become what one is capable of
becoming.
Self Actualization Needs
Characteristics of self actualization needs:
(1) Realistic Orientation
(2) Spontaneity
(3) Acceptance of Self
(4) Acceptance of Others
(5) Close relationship with others
(6) Autonomous thinking
(7) Appreciation of Life
(8) Reactivity to others
(9) Consideration of Others
(10) Respect for others
He developed the psychosocial development theory.
Erik Erikson
Explain the Ego Development Theory.
(1) It emerged as an expansion of Freud’s concept of Ego
(2) A person’s life from birth to death are formed by social influences that interact with the physical/psychological maturing organism
This stage of childhood in Erikson’s theory has the virtue of Hope, Maldevelopment, and Withdrawal. An example of this is a secure environment provided by the caregiver, with regular access to affection and food
Infancy period: Trust and Mistrust (Oral Stage)
This stage of childhood in Erikson’s theory has the virtue of Will, Maldevelopment, and Compulsion. In this, the caregiver promotes self-sufficiency while maintaining a secure environment
Early Childhood period: Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (Anal Stage)
This stage of childhood in Erikson’s theory has the virtue of Purpose, Maldevelopment and Inhibition. In this, the caregiver encourages, supports, and guides the child’s own initiatives and interests
Play Age Period: Initiative vs Guilt (Genital Stage)
This stage of childhood in Erikson’s theory has the virtue of Competence, Maldevelopment, and Inertia (passivity). In this, reasonable expectations set in school and at home, with praise for their accomplishments
School Age Period: Industry vs Inferiority (Latency Age)
This adolescence stage in Erikson’s theory has the virtue of Fidelity, Maldevelopment: Repudiation. In this, the individual weighs out their previous experiences, societal expectations, and their aspirations in establishing values and ‘finding themselves.’
Adolescence Period: Identity vs Identity Confusion
This stage of young adulthood in Erikson’s theory has the virtue of Love, Maldevelopment: Distantiation. In this, the individual forms close friendships or long term partnership.
Young Adulthood Period: Intimacy vs Isolation
This stage of young adulthood in Erikson’s theory has the virtue of Care, Maldevelopment: Rejectivity. This pertains to the engagement with the next generation through parenting, coaching and teaching.
Adulthood period; Generativity vs Stagnation or Self Absorption
This stage of adulthood in Erikson’s theory has the virtue of Wisdom, Maldevelopment: Disdain. An example of this is the Contemplation and acknowledgment of personal life accomplishments
Old Age Period: Integrity vs Despair
Who proposed the theory of moral development?
Lawrence Kohlberg
What are the three (3) Levels of moral development?
(1) Preconventional level
(2) Conventional level
(3) Post conventional level
At this level the child is responsive to cultural rules and labels of good and bad, right or wrong, but interprets these labels in terms of either the physical or the hedonistic consequences of action.
Preconventional Level
In this, avoiding punishment and unquestioning deference to power
STAGE 1: PUNISHMENT AND OBEDIENCE ORIENTATION
In this, the right action consists of that which instrumentally satisfies one’s own needs and occasionally the needs of others.
STAGE 2: INSTRUMENTAL RELATIVIST ORIENTATION
At this level, maintaining the expectations of the individual’s family, group, or nation is perceived as valuable in its own right, regardless of immediate and obvious consequences.
Conventional Level
In this, good behavior is that which pleases or helps others and is approved by them.
STAGE 3: THE INTERPERSONAL CONCORDANCE
OF ”GOOD BOY-NICE GIRL” ORIENTATION.
In this stage, Right behavior consists of doing one’s duty, showing respect for authority and maintaining the given social order for its own sake.
STAGE 4: THE LAW AND ORDER ORIENTATION.
In this stage, there is a clear effort to define moral values and principles which have validity and application apart from the authority of the groups
Post conventional, Autonomous or Principled Level
In this stage, stage action needs to be defined in terms of general individual rights and in terms of standard which have been examines and agreed upon. Free agreement and contract is the binding element of obligation
STAGE 5: THE SOCIAL CONTRACT LEGALISTIC ORIENTATION.
In this, right is defined by the decision of conscience in
accord with self-chosen ethical principles appealing to logical comprehensiveness, universality and consistency
STAGE 6. THE UNIVERSAL ETHICAL PRINCIPLE ORIENTATION.
This is used to explain disease and disability caused by multiple factors
Web of Causation
Who proposed the theory of web of causation?
(1) Brian McMahon
(2) Thomas Pugh
(3) Johannes Ipsen
How is the web of causation stemmed?
Stemmed from the understanding that chronic diseases are not attributed to one or 2 factors alone but due to interaction of multiple factors. This leads to a recognition that there are rarely simple solutions to these health problems
Who proposed the Gate Control Theory?
Ronald Melzack and Patrick D Wall
This theory explains the relationship between pain and emotion. It found out that pain is not just a physiologic response but psychological variables influence its perception
Gate Control Theory
Why is the gate control theory important?
It serves as a convenient and useful way to explain to patients what pain is, why and how it fluctuates from day to day
Explain the mechanism of the gate control theory.
(1) A gating mechanism in the spinal dorsal horn
(2) From the periphery of the body, pain impulses are transmitted through A, Delta and C nerve fibers
(3) The impulses travel to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord specifically in the SG (substantia gelatinosa)
(4) SG can inhibit (close the gate) or facilitate (opens the gate) pain conduction
(5) When the gate is open, impulses will travel to the brain
(6) Similar mechanisms exist in the descending nerve fibers from thalamus and cerebral cortex
Who proposed the General Systems Theory?
Ludwig von Bertalanffy
These are composed of both structural and functional components that interaction within a boundary
Systems
These are open as there is an ongoing exchange of matter, energy and information
Living systems
This element of a system is the matter, energy and information received from the environment
Input
This element of a system is the matter, energy and information that is modified or transformed within the system
Throughput
This element of system is the matter, energy and information that is released from the system into the environment
Output
This is the information regarding the environmental
responses used by the system
Feedback
This is a unit that is greater than the sum of its parts (wholeness). This has boundaries that permit exchange of information and resources both into (inputs) and out of (outputs) the system (boundaries can also hinder or block exchange processes).
System
A system comprises ________________-
subsystems (hierarchically “nested”).
These are the mechanisms between system parts are essential for system function.
Communication and feedback
This is a change in one part leads to change in the whole system
(circular causality).
This is a system goal or end point can be reached in different ways
(equifinality).
Who proposed the planned change theory?
Kurt Lewin
This theory provides a basis for considering the process of planned change (occurs by design)
Planned Change Theory
This concept in the planned changed theory is viewed as a system
Field
This concept in the planned change theory is the directed entity that has the characteristics of direction, focus, and strength.
Force
This is a move from the status quo that results in a disruption in the balance of forces
Change
What are the two (2) Forces involved in change, which should be identified and accentuated or minimized
(1) Driving Forces
(2) Restraining Forces
In this stage, individuals must be informed of the need
for change and should agree that the change is needed . Change is usually viewed by most individuals as stressful and unnecessary
Unfreezing the status quo
In this stage, Driving forces should excess restraining forces during movement. The change agent should recognize that change takes time and accomplished gradually
Change
This stage is where stabilization occur and change is
assimilated into the system
refreezing phase,
