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THE FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING > Module 02: Nursing Theory > Flashcards

Module 02: Nursing Theory Flashcards

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1
Q

These are described as the broad conceptual boundaries of the discipline of nursing.

A

Metaparadigm

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2
Q

The metaparadigm falls under what four (4) factors? (HEHN)

A

(1) Human Beings
(2) Environment
(3) Health
(4) Nursing

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3
Q

This sets forth the meaning of nursing phenomena through analysis, reasoning and logical presentation of concepts and ideas.

A

Philosophy

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4
Q

These are sets of concepts that address phenomena central to nursing in propositions that explain the relationship among them.

A

Conceptual Models

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5
Q

These are concepts that derive from a conceptual model and propose a testable proposition that tests the major premise of a model.

A

Grand Theory

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6
Q

These are testable propositions from philosophies, conceptual models, grand theories, abstract nursing theories, or theories from other disciplines.

A

Nursing Theory

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7
Q

These are theories that are less abstract than the grand theory but less specific than the middle-range theory.

A

Nursing Theory

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8
Q

These concepts are the most specific to practice that propose precise testable nursing practice questions and include details, such as patient age group, family situation, health condition, location of the patient, and action of the nurse.

A

Middle Range Theory

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9
Q

These are nursing theoretical systems that give direction and create understanding in practice, research, administration, and education.

A

The Future of Nursing Theory

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10
Q

These contribute to nursing knowledge with direction for the discipline, forming a basis for professional scholarship.

A

Nursing Philosophies

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11
Q

She is the founder of modern nursing.

A

Florence Nightingale

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12
Q

When and where was Florence Nightingale born?

A

May 12, 1820 (Florence, Italy)

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13
Q

When and where did Florence Nightingale complete her nursing training?

A

31 years old (1851 in Kaiserwerth, Germany)

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14
Q

What hospital did Florence Nightingale superintendent?

A

Hospital for Invalid Gentlewomen in London

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15
Q

What problems did Florence Nightingale address?

A

(1) Lack of sanitation (Victorian Era)
(2) Presence of Filth

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16
Q

What poem was she addressed as the Lady of the Lamp?

A

Santa Filomena

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17
Q

What did theories of modern nursing focus on?

A

(1) Environment
(2) Warmth, Light, Diet, Cleanliness and Noise

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18
Q

It was written not “as a manual to teach nurses to nurse” but assist millions of women who had charge of their families to “think how to nurse.”

A

Notes in Nursing

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19
Q

What is the most important practical lesson that nurses should learn?

A

Observation (what to observe and how to observe)

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20
Q

This is defined as the state of being well and using every power to the extent in living life.

A

Health

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21
Q

This is a reparative process and of the sufferings of diseases.

A

Disease

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22
Q

How does one maintain health and prevent disease?

A

(1) Environment Control
(2) Social Responsibility

for public health and health promotion, taking care of the well and the sick

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23
Q

It is ought to signify the proper use of fresh air, light, warmth, cleanliness, quiet, and the proper selection and administration of diet, all at the least expense of vital power to the patient.

A

Nursing

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24
Q

What is considered the most delicate test of sanitary conditions?

A

The life duration of tender babies

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25
Q

Where should nurses assist?

A

Reparative Process

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26
Q

How did Nightingale refer to the person?

A

Patient

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27
Q

What kind of patient is in the nurse-patient relationship?

A

Passive Patient as nurses are in control of and responsible for the patient’s environmental surroundings (we do not have any expectation to the patient and they are just there as recipients of care)

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28
Q

This major assumption pertains as to how nurses are assigned to assist the nature in healing the patient as well as the maintenance of a therapeutic or good physical living conditions.

A

Environment

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29
Q

This theory was developed when nightingale struggled to improve war-torn environment and workhouses.

A

Environmental Theory

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30
Q

What are the five essential components of the environment health?

A

(1) Pure Air
(2) Light
(3) Cleanliness
(4) Efficient Drainage
(5) Pure water

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31
Q

What is the focus of pure air?

A

(1) Ventilation - germ theory
(2) Warmth

“Keep the air he breathes as pure as of the external air, without chilling him”

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32
Q

Without this ventilation is comparatively useless?

A

Cleanliness

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33
Q

What are the effects of an inefficient drainage in a household?

A

(1) fever
(2) pyemia

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34
Q

In this, Nightingale advocated bathing patients on a frequent, even daily, basis at a time when this practice was not the norm. She required that nurses also bathe daily, that their clothing be clean, and that they wash their hands frequently.

A

Pure Water

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35
Q

This creates an expectation in the mind (status), which hurts the patient and has an effect upon the organ of the ear itself.

A

Unnecessary Noise or Noise

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36
Q

This sitting position is entailed for nurses so that the patient will not painfully turn his head to face you.

A

Sitting in front of a patient’s view

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37
Q

What kind of rules should nurses have regarding their patient’s diet?

A

(1) Rule of thought
(2) Rule of time

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38
Q

What did nightingale generated throughout her life time?

A

Varied subjects of healthcare, nursing and social reform (empirical evidence)

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39
Q

Nightingale highlighted the concurrent use of ___________________ and _____________ in the education of nurses.

A

Observation and Performance of tasks (Royalty - commission)

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40
Q

Nightingale often capitalized this word in her writings depicting as it was synonymous with God.

A

Nature

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41
Q

What kind of religious belief did Nightingale have to support the view of God as Nature?

A

Unitarian Religious Belief

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42
Q

This publication of Nightingale made a distinction between the role of the household servants and those trained specifically as nurses to provide care for the sick person.

A

Notes on Nursing (1969)

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43
Q

This pertains to being clear and easily understood.

A

Clarity Explains 3 major relationships: (1) Environment to patient, (2) Nurse to environment, and (3) Nurse to patient

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44
Q

Who developed the theory of transpersonal caring?

A

Margaret Jean Harman Watson

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45
Q

What school did Margaret Jean Harman Watson attended?

A

Lewis Gale School of Nursing and the University of Colorado

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46
Q

This program was established as the nation’s first interdisciplinary center using human caring knowledge.

A

Center of Human Caring (Watson Caring Science Institute)

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47
Q

What does the the caring point entail?

A

(1) Pausing
(2) Choosing to see
(3) Being present

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48
Q

How many books did Margaret Jean Harman Watson?

A

11 books

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49
Q

In this, it is an existential turning point wherein the nurse grasps the gestalt of the presenting moment and is able to read the field, beyond the outer appearance of the patient and the patient’s behavior.

A

Caring point

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50
Q

Watson described this as when the nurse is able to see and connect with the spirit of others, open to expanding possibilities of what can occur.

A

Being Transpersonal

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51
Q

Watson defined it as an imaginative grouping of knowledge, ideas, and experience that are represented symbolically and seek to illuminate a given phenomenon.

A

Theory

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52
Q

Watson acknowledges a ___________, ___________, and _______________ from the sciences and humanities.

A

Phenomenological, existential, and spiritual orientation.

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53
Q

Which transpersonal psychologist did Watson attributed her emphasis on the intrapersonal and transpersonal?

A

Carl Rogers

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54
Q

What was the definition of health by Watson which is associated with the degree of congruence between the self as perceived and the self as experienced?

A

unity and harmony within the mind, body and soul

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55
Q

This is defined as not necessarily a disease as it can be a subjective turmoil or disharmony within a person’s inner self or soul at some level of disharmony within the spheres of the person.

A

Illness

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56
Q

This process can result from genetic, constitutional vulnerabilities and manifest themselves when disharmony is present.

A

Disease (aggravates the illness)

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57
Q

These two phenomenon are not necessarily viewed on a continuum

A

illness and health (separate concepts)

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58
Q

This pertains to how Watson calls nurses to go beyond procedures, tasks, and techniques.

A

Trim

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59
Q

These are the aspects of nurse-patient relationship resulting to a therapeutic outcome

A

Core

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60
Q

This pertains to the elimination of a disease.

A

Curing

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61
Q

The person is a unity?

A

Mind, Body, Spirit, and Nature

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62
Q

This is tied to notices that one’s soul possesses a body and is not confined by objective time and space.

A

Personhood

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63
Q

According to Watson, these are healing spaces that can be used to transcend illness, pain and suffering and can be connected to the person itself.

A

Environment (Supportive, Corrective, Mental, Physical, Societal, and Spiritual)

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64
Q

This is the essence of nursing and the foundational disciplinary core of the profession.

A

Caring Science

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65
Q

These comprise caring as they are known to facilitate healing, honor wholeness, and contribute to the evolution of humanity.

A

Carative Factors or Caritas Processes

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66
Q

Where can a caring relationship be deemed as one?

A

(1) If it invites emergence of the human spirit
(2) Opens to authentic potential
(3) Becomes authentically present
(4) allows the person to explore options

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67
Q

What are the ten (10) carative factors?

A
  1. The formation of a humanistic-altruistic system of values
  2. The instillation of faith-hope
  3. The cultivation of sensitive to one’s self and to others
  4. Development of a helping-trusting, human caring relation
  5. The promotion and acceptance of the expression of positive and negative feelings
  6. Systematic use of a creative problem solving caring process
  7. The provision of supportive, protective and corrective mental, physical, societal, spiritual environment
  8. The assistance with gratification and human needs
  9. Allowance for existential, phenomenological and spiritual forces.
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68
Q

What are the ten (10) caritas processes?

A

(1) Cultivating the Practice of Loving-Kindness and Equanimity Toward Self and Other as Foundational to Caritas Consciousness
(2) Being Authentically Present: Enabling, Sustaining, and Honoring the Faith, Hope, and Deep Belief System and the Inner-Subjective World of Self/Other.
(3) Cultivation of one’s own spiritual practices, transpersonal self, and going beyond ego self
(4) Development and Sustaining a Helping- Trust Caring Relationship.
(5) Being Present to and Supportive of the Expression of Positive and Negative feelings
(6) Creative Use of Self and All ways of Knowing as Part of the Caring Process and Engange in Artistry of Caritas Nursing
(7) Engage in Genuine Teaching-Learning Experience that Attends to Unity of Being and Subjective Meaning— Attempting to Stay Within the Other’s Frame of Reference.
(8) Creating a Healing Environment at All Levels.
(9) Administering Sacred Nursing Acts of Caring- Healing by Tending to Basic Human Needs.
(10) Opening and Attending to Spiritual/Mysterious and Existential Unknowns of Life- Death.

69
Q

This involves being real, honest, genuine, and authentic.

A

Congruence

70
Q

This is the ability to experience and thereby understand the other person’s perceptions and feelings and to communicate those understandings.

A

Empathy

71
Q

This is demonstrated by a moderate speaking volume, a relaxed open posture, and facial expressions that are congruent with other communications.

A

Non-possessive warmth

72
Q

This has cognitive, affective, and behavior response components

A

Effective communication

73
Q

This acknowledges the evolving nature of theory.

A

Empirical precision

74
Q

This is the metaphysical orientation for the delivery of nursing care.

A

Derivable Consequences

75
Q

Who developed the Theory of Bureaucratic Caring?

A

Marilyn Anne Ray

76
Q

Who was Marilyn Anne (Dee) Ray’s Professor?

A

Professor Emerita at Florida Atlantic University

77
Q

What was Ray’s original profession?

A

Retired colonel after 30 years of service under US Air Force Reserve Nurses Corps

78
Q

This work of Ray used ethnographic methods in combination with phenomenology and grounded theory which focuses on nursing in complex organizations such as hospitals

A

Theoretical Sources

79
Q

These two factors synthesized and reconciled to form the unitive force of bureaucratic caring.

A

(1) The thesis of caring
(2) The antithesis of bureaucracy

80
Q

The theoretical sources of Ray was stimulated by her work with __________

A

Leininger in 1968

81
Q

This theory describes simultaneous order and disorder along with order within disorder. Ray compares change in complex organizations and challengers nurses to step back and renew their perception of everyday events and discover embedded meanings.

A

Chaos Theory

82
Q

According to Ray, what is nursing?

A

Nursing is a holistic, relational, spiritual, and ethical caring that seeks the good of self and others.

83
Q

According to Ray, what is caring?

A

Caring is cultural and social able to establish social and functional relationships

84
Q

How did Ray perceive people?

A

As spiritual and cultural beings that engage co-creatively in human organization and transcultural relationships to find meaning and value

85
Q

How does Ray perceive Health?

A

a pattern of meaning for individuals

86
Q

This embodies knowledge and conscience about the beauty of life forms and symbolic (representational) systems or patterns of meaning.

A

Environment (spiritual, ethical, ecological, and cultural phenomenon)

87
Q

They play a role in facilitating understanding of the meaning of caring, cooperation, and conflict in human cultural groups and complex organizational environments

A

Functional forms identified in the social structure or bureaucracy

88
Q

What does theory (theoretical assertions) imply?

A

(1) Dialectal Relationship (thesis, antithesis, and synthesis)
(2) Dimension of spiritual-ethical and structural caring
(3) Structural Dimensions of bureaucracy or organizational culture

89
Q

This is the synthetic margin between the human and structural dimensions where nurses, patients, and administrators integrate person, nursing, health and environment.

A

Bureaucratic Nursing

90
Q

This is a primoradial construct of consciousness of nursing and is highly differential depending on its structures.

A

Caring

91
Q

This form of caring is described to be whole and operate by conscious choice.

A

Spiritual-ethical caring

92
Q

This means that everything is a whole in one context and part of one another, with each part being in the whole and the whole being in the part.

A

Holography

93
Q

This is a relationship between charity and right action, between love as compassion in response to suffering and need and justice or fairness in terms of what ought to be done.

A

Caring

94
Q

This involves creativity and revealed in attachment, love and community

A

Spirituality

95
Q

This is related to the moral obligation towards others.

A

Ethical

96
Q

This involves formal and information programs to convey information and other teaching and sharing information regarding caring.

A

Education

97
Q

This state involves biological and mental patterns

A

Physical

98
Q

This includes ethnicity and family structures, intimacy with friends, and family communication, societal interaction and support as well ass structures of cultural groups, community, and society.

A

Socio Cultural

99
Q

This includes nonhuman resources, such as machinery, to maintain the physiological well being of the patient.

A

Technological

100
Q

This pertains to the meaning of caring including money, budget, insurance systems, limitations and guidelines imposed by managed care organizations along with the allocation of scarce human and material resources.

A

Economic

101
Q

This was the mentor of Marilyn Anne Ray?

A

Madilyn Leininger 1968 which is the proponent of transcultural nursing

102
Q

This type of caring encompasses a dynamic and complex cultural contexts of relationships, organizations, and communities.

A

Bureaucratic caring

102
Q

This pertains to the power structure within an administration and how it influences nursing. This includes pattern of communication, decision making, role and gender, stratification, union activities, government, and insurance company negotiations.

A

Politics

103
Q

This theory is a theory of level of skill acquisition. A novice to expert theory.

A

Caring, Clinical Wisdom, and Ethics in Nursing Practice

104
Q

Where was Patricia Benner born?

A

Hampton Virginia

105
Q

What are some of Patricia benners’ famous publication?

A

PhD in stress, coping, and health was
conferred in 1982 at the University of California

106
Q

What is Patricia Benner’s current job

A

Currently the Chief Development Officer with Dr.
Pat-Hooper-Kyriakakis on continued development
of the textbook replacement learning program,
NovEx, which was publish in 1984 and garnered many awards.

107
Q

Who is influenced Patricia Benner’s philosophy?

A

Virginia Henderson (21 Human Needs)

108
Q

This is defined as describing, illustrating and giving language to taken-for-granted areas of practical wisdom skilled know-how, and notions of good practice

A

Articulation Research

109
Q

What can be explained further by Benner’s philosophical source?

A

Theory is derived from practice and practice is extended by theory. (Distinction between practical knowledge and theoretic knowledge)

110
Q

How does Benner define nursing?

A

Nursing is viewed as caring practice whose science is guided by the moral art and ethics of care and responsibility

111
Q

How does Benner define person?

A

Benner defined a person as a self-interpreting being and gets defined in the course of living a life

112
Q

What are the roles a person must deal with?

A
  1. The role of the situation
  2. The role of the body
  3. The role of personal concerns
  4. The role of temporality
113
Q

Benner defined this as something that can be assessed or entails self expression.

A

Health

114
Q

This is the human experience of health or wholeness

A

Well being

115
Q

This is defined by the person’s engaged interaction, interpretation and understanding of a matter and can be s influenced by each person’s past, present and future and includes their own personal meanings, habits and perspectives.

A

Situation

116
Q

The person has no background experience of the
situation. They have context -free rules and objective attributes must be given to guide performance. They also have difficulty discerning relevant vs irrelevant aspects

A

Novice

117
Q

The person can demonstrate marginally acceptable performance. He has enough experience to grasp aspects of the situation and is guided by rules and oriented by task completion. Clinical situations are viewed as a test of their
abilities and demands rather than in terms/

A

Advanced Beginner

118
Q

They are defined by conscious and deliberate planning which aspects of current and future situations are important and which can be ignored. They display hyper-responsibility for the patient and exhibit an ever-present and critical view of self. The learner begins to recognize patterns and determine which element warrant attention

A

Competent

119
Q

They perceive the situation as whole rather than in terms of aspects and the performance is guided by maxims. They recognize the most salient aspects and has an intuitive grasp of the situation. They have the ability to see changing relevance in a situation including recognition and implementation of skilled responses

A

Proficient

119
Q

They have an intuitive grasp of the situation and being able to identify the region of the problem without losing time considering.

A

Expert

120
Q

What are the characteristics of an expert

A

 Demonstrating a clinical grasp and resource-based practice
 Possessing embodied know-how
 Seeing the big picture
 Seeing the unexpected

121
Q

She developed the philosophy of caring.

A

Kari Mari Martinsen

121
Q

Where was Kari Mari Martinsen born?

A

Born in Oslo, Norway in 1943 during WWII

122
Q

What was the focus of her theory?

A

Moral and sociopolitical discussions dominated home life

123
Q

According to Martinsen. this is based upon caring. Caring does not merely from the value foundation of nursing; it is a fundamental precondition of our life..

A

Moral practices

124
Q

According to Martinsen, this demands emotional involvement and the capacity for situational analysis in order to assess alternatives for action.

A

Discernment

125
Q

According to Martinsen, where is performing nursing directed?

A

Performing nursing is essentially directed towards persons not capable of self-help, who are ill and in need of care. To encounter the ill person with caring through nursing involves a set of pre-conditions such as knowledge, skills, and organization

126
Q

This form of caring requires at least 2 people

A

Relational

127
Q

This form of caring is about concrete and practical action

A

Practical

128
Q

This form of caring is a n acknowledgement of the other in light of his situation

A

Moral

129
Q

How did Martinsen view the person?

A

The person cannot be torn away from the social milieu and the community of persons. In one way, there is a parallel between the person and the body. It is as bodies that individuals relate to ourselves, to others, and to the world

130
Q

According to Martinsen, this does not only reflect the condition of the organism, it is also an expression of the current level of competence in medicine.

A

Health

131
Q

According to Martinsen, these factors all set the tone and color the situation and the space.

A

Architecture, interactions among individuals, use of objects, words, knowledge, one’s being in the room

132
Q

This is important as a physical, material and constructed place, but it is also a place we share with other people

A

Sick room

133
Q

This is the positive development of the person through the good

A

care

134
Q

Through its exercise in practical living contexts that nurses learn clinical observation. Training not only to see, listen and touch clinically but to see, listen and touch clinically in a good way

A

Professional Judgment

135
Q

This is when empathy and reflection work together in such a way that caring can be expressed in nursing. It is present in concrete situations and individual actions need to be accounted for

A

Moral Practice

136
Q

In this, demand professional knowledge which affords the view of the patient as a suffering person, and which protects his integrity

A

Person-Orientated Professionalism

137
Q

In this, phenomenon that are beyond human control and influence and therefore sovereign. It includes openness, mercy, trust, hope and love

A

Sovereign Life Utterances

138
Q

This are boundaries for which individuals must have respect

A

Untouchable Zone

139
Q

Given as a law of life concerning neighborly love which is foundationally human

A

Vocation

140
Q

Being Touched or moved by the suffering of the other and the situation the other experiences. Moreover, this is a participatory event based on the reciprocation that unifies perception and understanding

A

Eye of the Heart

141
Q

These concerned with findings connections, and analyzing it into a system. Alliance with modern natural science and technology

A

Registering Eye

142
Q

She was one of the pioneers of caring science in the Nordic countries

A

Katie Erikson

143
Q

Where and when was Katie Erikson born?

A

Born in November 18, 1943 in Finland

144
Q

Katie Erikson was honored as a what?

A

Honored as a Knight, First Class, of the Order of the White Rose

145
Q

According to Erikson, these are the two basic motive of caring

A

Love And charity (caritas)

146
Q

This pertains to the visible motive of caritas

A

Caritative Outlook

147
Q

According to Erikson, what is nursing?

A

Caring Nursing represents a kind of caring without prejudice that emphasizes the patient and his/her suffering and desire

148
Q

According to Erikson, this implies being whole in body, soul and spirit. This is the pure concept of wholeness and holiness

A

Health

149
Q

How did Erikson perceive health?

A

Health is both a movement and integration
1. Implies a change, between actual and potential
2. Dependent on vital forces

149
Q

What are the three (3) dimensions?

A

(1) Doing
(2) Being
(3) Becoming

150
Q

In relation to the major assumption of Erikson’s theory, how did Erikson perceive the environment>

A

It is related to the concepts of Ethos in accordance with Aristotle which consists of the idea of love, charity, respect, honor of holiness and dignity of the human being. Ethos originally refers to home, representing a person’s innermost space

151
Q

This pertains to eros and agape are united, constitutes the motive for all caring

A

Caritas

152
Q

This structure that determines caring reality

A

Caring Communication

153
Q

This pertains to the caring elements (faith, hope, love, tending, playing and learning) and invites to deep communion

A

Acts of Caring

154
Q

This deals with the basic relationship between the patient and the nurse

A

Caritative Caring Ethics

155
Q

These are ethical principles and rules that guide one’s work or decisions

A

Nursing Ethics

156
Q

This form of dignity is granted the human being through creation

A

Absolute Dignity

157
Q

This form of dignity is influences and formed through culture and external context

A

Relative dignity

158
Q

The act that occurs when the career welcomes the patient to the caring communication

A

Invitation

159
Q

This pertains to human being’s struggle between good and evil in a state of becoming

A

Suffering

160
Q

This implies a change through which a new wholeness is formed of the life the human being has lost in suffering

A

Reconciliation

161
Q

This is the total caring reality and is based on cultural elements such as tradition, rituals and basic values

A

Caring Culture

162
Q

This is the suffering experience in connection with illness and treatment

A

Suffering related to illness

163
Q

This is the suffering where the patient is expose to suffering caused by care or absence of care (not be be taken seriously, not to be welcomed, being blamed)

A

Suffering related to care

164
Q

This is the suffering situation of being a patient

A

Suffering related to life

THE FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING (10 decks)

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