Module 01: Introduction to Nursing Flashcards
This was dated way back when Florence Nightingale began to assume the great significance of providing a clean and healthy environment to achieve recovery of patients and continues up to present.
Nursing Theory
How did Florence Nightingale envision nurses?
She envisioned nurses as a body of educated women who organized service and caring for wounded in wartime.
Which war did Florence Nightingale serve in?
Crimean War
What nursing school was established in London by Florence Nightingale to pioneer activities in nursing practice and education?
St. Thomas Hospital
How did nursing start of as?
Vocational Course
In this, nursing practice was based on principles and traditions that were handed down through practice seen by Florence during her time. Other references note that this is a practice era dated before the curriculum era where to be a nurse can have a diploma for only 2 years under vocational.at
Apprenticeship Model
The emphasis of this era are the courses included in nursing programs.
Curriculum Era
The emphasis of this era is the role of nurses and what to research.
Research Era
The emphasis of this era is carving out an advanced role and basis for nursing practice.
Graduate Education Era
The emphasis of this era is how there are many ways to think about nursing.
Theory Era
The emphasis of this era are the nursing theory guides research, practice, education, and administration.
Theory Utilization Era
What years did the Curriculum Era happen?
1900s to 1940s
What years did the Research Era happen?
1950s to 1970s
What years did the Graduate Education Era happen?
1950s to 1970s
What years did the Theory Era happen?
1880s to 1990s
What years did the Theory Utilization Era happen?
21st Century
What is the major question of the Curriculum Era?
What curriculum content should nurses study to be nurses
What is the major question of the Research Era?
What is the focus for nursing research?
What is the major question of the Graduate Education Era?
What knowledge is needed for the practice of nursing?
What is the major question of the Theory Era?
How do these frameworks guide research and practice?
What is the major question of the Theory Utilization Era?
What new theories are needed to produce evidence of quality care?
The goal of this era is to develop specialized knowledge and higher education.
Curriculum Era
The goal of this era to create isolated studies that do not yield unified knowledge.
Research Era
The emerging goal of this era to focus graduate education on knowledge development.
Graduate Education Era
The emerging goal of this era to create theories that can guide nursing research and practice.
Theory Era
The goal of this era to formulate nursing frameworks produce knowledge (evidence) for quality care.
Theory Utilization Era
What is the outcome of the Curriculum Era?
Standardized curricula for diploma programs
What is the outcome of the Research Era?
Problem studies and studies of nurses
What is the outcome of the Graduate Education Era?
Nurses have an important role in health care
What is the outcome of the Theory Era?
Nursing theoretical works shift the focus to the patient
What is the outcome of the Theory Utilization Era?
Middle-range theory may be from quantitative or
qualitative approaches
Fawcett classified nursing models as paradigms with in a more organized or specialized meta-paradigm of: (PEHN)
(1) Person
(2) Environment
(3) Health
(4) Nursing Concepts
In the beginning of the 20th century, was nursing recognized as an academic discipline or a profession.
No
This is specific to academia and refers to a branch of education, a department of learning or a domain of knowledge. Moreover, this is a branch of education or theoretical works leading to higher level of education and practice.
Discipline
What is the focus of discipline?
What nurses do?
These three factors form the basis of nursing as a discipline? (KEH)
(1) Knowledge of Persons
(2) Environment
(3) Health
This term pertains to a specialized field of practice founded on the theoretical structure of the science or knowledge of the discipline and accompanying practice abilities.
Profession
These two factors form the basis of nursing as a profession? (KN)
(1) Knowledge of that discipline
(2) Accompanying practice abilities.
What is the Criteria for the Development of the Professional status of Nursing?
(1) Utilizes in its practice a well-defined and well-organized body of specialized knowledge.
(2) Constantly enlarges the knowledge it uses and improves its techniques of education and service thru scientific method.
(3) Entrusts the education of its practitioners to universities/ colleges.
(4) Applies knowledge in practical services important to community welfare.
(5) Functions autonomously in developing professional policy.
(6) Attracts individuals with intellectual and personal qualities of intensifying service.
(7) Strives to compensate nurses by providing freedom of action, opportunity for continuous professional growth and economic security.
This is concerned with the theory of knowledge in philosophical inquiry or how knowledge came to be, or it is a branch of philosophy concerned with the nature & scope of knowledge.
Epistemology
What is the root word of epistemology?
Episteme = knowledge and Logos = Study of
This philosophical foundation of reasoning utilizes deductive (cause to effect or general to particular). It uses rational senses in ensuring the truthfulness of a phenomenon.
Rationalism
In rationalism, this is regarded as the chief source & test of knowledge
Reason
This approach refers to any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification
Theory-the-research approach
In rationalism, criterion of truth is not sensory but ______________ and ________________.
Intellectual and deductive
This is a theory which states that knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory experience or rather knowledge is based on experience.
Empiricism
This is the approach according to Reynolds in which information is gathered first before the theory is deemed true.
Research-then-theory strategy
Empiricism is characterized to be ___________.
Inductive
In empiricism, this is classified to be fundamental part of scientific method
Experimentation
This implies that something has been proven and is generally accepted as being true. An idea or set of ideas that is intended to explain facts or events.
Theory
Which word did the word theory emerged from?
Theoria
What does the word theory mean?
(1) Usually means “mere guess” or unproved
(2) Literally means “a vision” or “a beholding scene”
According to them, theory is a set of statements that tentatively describe, explain, or predict relationships among concepts that have been systematically selected & organized as an abstract representation of some phenomenon
Powers & Knapp
According to them, theory is internally consistent group of relational statements (concepts, definitions & propositions) that present a systematic view about a phenomenon & which is useful for description, explanation, prediction & control
Bodie & Chitty
These are words or phrases that are used to represent the phenomenon observed or experienced. These are building blocks of theories or ideas used to describe and classify a phenomena.
Concepts
This is an independent of a certain time and place
Abstract
This is more specific time or place
Concrete
They belong or not belong to a particular categories
or classes of phenomena
Discrete
This categories of concept refers to classifications of dimensions or gradations of a phenomenon across a continuum. This refers to degrees or levels in a given continuum.
Continuous
This is used to establish meaning.
Theoretical Definitions
These refer to how these concepts are used or will be used within to provide the context of the phenomenon measurement.
Operational Definition
What are the ten (10) phases of Concept Building Process?
(1) Write a meaningful practice story.
(2) Name the central phenomenon in the practice story.
(3) Identify a theoretical lens for viewing the phenomenon.
(4) Link the phenomenon to existing literature.
(5) Gather a story from someone who has lived the phenomenon.
(6) Reconstruct the shared story and create mini-saga that captures its message
(7) Identify the core qualities of the phenomenon.
(8) Use the core qualities to create a definition.
(9) Create a model of the phenomenon
(10) Write a mini synthesis that integrates the phenomenon with a population to suggest research direction.
These are statements in a theory may state definitions or relations among concepts
Relational Statements
These statements relate concepts to one another; permit analysis
Theoretical Statements
These statements relate concepts to measurements
Operational Statements
This linkage provide rationale of why theoretical statements are linked; add plausibility.
Linkages of theoretical statements
This linkage provides rationale for how measurement variables are linked; permit testability.
Linkages of operational statements
This linkage eliminates overlap (tautology).
Organization of concepts and definitions into primitive and derived terms
This linkage eliminates inconsistency.
Organization of statements and linkages into premises and derived hypotheses and equations
A statement of fact that aims to explain, in brief and simple terms, an action or set of actions. This is generally accepted to be true and universal and can occasionally be expressed in terms of a single mathematical equation
Scientific Laws
What are the four characteristics of a scientific law?
(1) Simple
(2) True
(3) Absolute
(4) Universal
This governs a single action, foundations for all science.
Scientific Law
This is a statement based on repeated experimental observations that describes some aspects of the universe
Scientific Law
This always applies under same conditions, & implies that there is a causal relationship involving its elements
\/Scientific Law
This is more complex & dynamic; maybe replaced. This explains an entire group. This can be changed or improved without changing the overall truth
Theory
Theory is developed from where?
Scientific Method
What are the three characteristics of theory?
Accepted, True, and Proven
This is characterized as an educated guess based upon observation. This can be supported or proven false by experimentation or continued observation
Hypothesis
This proposed framework is now used without reference to the author for the development of nursing science
Theoretical Boundaries and Levels to Advance Nursing Science
In this, theory-testing research may lead one nursing theory to fall aside as a new theory is developed that explains nursing phenomena more adequately; must continue to advance the discipline.
Nursing Theory, Practice and Research
Based on the history of nursing, what ideology emerged as a dominant view of science?
Positivism
Modern logical positivists believed that ________________ and _____________ were two approaches that would produce scientific knowledge.
Empirical Research and Logical Analysis
In the early 20th century views, these people focused on the analysis of theory structure.
Philosophers
In the early 20th century, what did scientists focus on?
Empirical Research
This reduces observations or text to the meanings of phenomena independent of their particular context. This approach focuses on the lived meaning of experiences.
Phenomenological Approach
These people view phenomena objectively, collect data and analyze it to inductively propose theory
Empircists
In this historical era of nursing, theorists must be knowledgeable about available empirical findings and able to take these into account, because theory is concerned with organizing and formalizing available knowledge of a given phenomenon.
Interdependence of theory and research
It might be anticipated that social, economic, or political factors may influence scientific enterprise. It depends on the funds, popularity of certain ideologies.
Science as a social enterprise
According to her, human beings do science.
Gale
