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History > Modern Medicine > Flashcards

Modern Medicine Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the understanding about the cause of disease in this period?

A

It was clear that microbes did not cause all disease and illness. The cause of hereditary diseases were still unknown.

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2
Q

When was the cause of hereditary disease discovered?

A

1953 - when DNA was discovered.

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3
Q

How was DNA discovered?

A

By Watson and Crick - they saw enhanced X-rays of DNA created by Franklin and Wilkins and built their own model of DNA and started to understand it’s structure.

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4
Q

What were scientists able to do once they understood DNA’s structure?

A

Break it apart and look at the parts which caused hereditary diseases.

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5
Q

When was the Human Genome project started and when did it finish?

A

Started in 1990. Finished in 2000.

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6
Q

What did the Human Genome project help scientists to do?

A

Look for the mistakes in the human genome which caused hereditary disease.

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7
Q

What was the Human Genome project?

A

Scientists all over the world worked to decode and map the human genome.

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8
Q

What was the impact of the discovery of DNA and the genome project?

A

Not yet led to the treatment of genetic conditions but actions can be made to prevent disease (e.g. mastectomy - removal of the breast to prevent breast cancer)

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9
Q

How has understanding of lifestyle affecting illness improved?

A
  1. Smoking has been linked to cancer and heart disease.
  2. Unhealthy diet’s have been linked to type 2 diabetes.
  3. Drinking has been linked to kidney and liver disease.
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10
Q

How has diagnosis been improved?

A

X-rays
CT and MRI scans
Ultrasound
ECG
Endoscope
Blood testing

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11
Q

What do CT and MRI scans help to diagnose?

A

Internal damage and tumours.

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12
Q

What do ultrasounds help diagnose?

A

Kidney stones.

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13
Q

What does ECG help diagnose?

A

Irregular heart movement.

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14
Q

What does an endoscope help diagnose?

A

Digestive problems.

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15
Q

What are 2 examples of magic bullets developed in this period?

A

Salvarsan 606
Prontosil

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16
Q

What was Salvarsan 606?

A

First example of magic bullet - attacks microbes without harmful side effects.

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17
Q

Who developed Salvarsan 606 and when?

A

Paul Ehrlich in 1909

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18
Q

What is prontosil?

A

A cure for blood poisoning.

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19
Q

Who developed prontosil and when?

A

Gerhard Domagk in 1932.

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20
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

Medicines that destroy or limit the growth of bacteria in the human body.

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21
Q

When did Fleming discover penicillin?

A

1928

22
Q

How did Fleming discover penicillin?

A

Noticed a mould growing in his petri dish had killed the staphylococci (cause of blood poisoning).

23
Q

What did Fleming do after his discovery?

A

Published his findings in an article but did not pursue it any further as he didn’t have the funding.

24
Q

When did Florey and Chain start to build on Fleming’s discovery?

A

1937

25
Q

How did Florey and Chain build on Fleming’s discovery?

A

Discovered Fleming’s article.
Grew own penicillin mould.
Tested it on 8 mice in 1940.

26
Q

When did Florey and Chain first test on a human?

A

1940

27
Q

What happened to the policeman they were testing on?

A

Began to recover but died after 5 days when the drug ran out.

28
Q

What 2 factors helped in the mass development of penicillin?

A
  1. Government funding.
  2. World War 2
29
Q

How did government funding help the development of penicillin?

A

US government agreed to pay 21 pharmaceutical companies to make gallons of it.

30
Q

Why was WW2 a significant factor in the development of penicillin?

A

Huge quantities were needed to treat soldiers with infected wounds.

31
Q

How many doses of penicillin were there to treat all Allied wounds by D-day (June 1944)?

A

2.3 million doses.

32
Q

What other antibiotics followed penicillin?

A

Streptomycin (1944) - treated tuberculosis
Tetracycline (1953) - skin infections

33
Q

What other drugs were developed in the 20th century?

A

Vaccines to treat polio.
Tranquilisers
Birth control pill
Pills for depression

34
Q

What is the long term impact of penicillin?

A

Led to new antibiotics being discovered and with huge government sponsorship to develop it.
Led to the pharmaceutical companies having the finance to develop drugs and fund more research.

35
Q

What negative impact has the development of drugs had?

A

Sometimes comapnies take short cuts and not test drugs properly - thalidomide (babies born with deformities)

36
Q

Give examples of high-tech medical and surgical treatments that have emerged in this period.

A

Radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
Dialysis
Prosthetic limbs
Organ transplants
Keyhole surgery

37
Q

What is dialysis?

A

Wash the blood of patients with kidney failure.

38
Q

Why is keyhole surgery improtant?

A

Prevents cutting into the patient’s body.

39
Q

When was the NHS introduced?

A

1948

40
Q

Why was the introduction of the NHS significant?

A

End to laissez faire.
Large intervention by the government in medical care.

41
Q

How was the NHS improved in the 1960s?

A

More hospitals built across GB.
GPs given incentives to make sure they kept up to date with medical developments.

42
Q

What prevention methods have the government used in this period?

A

Mass vaccinations
Legislation
Lifestyle campaigns

43
Q

What are some examples of the government investing in vaccines?

A

Diphtheria 1942 and polio in 1950.

44
Q

Give examples of legislation passed by the government to help prevent disease.

A

Clean Air Acts passed in 1956 and 1968 - to prevent smog and respiratory illnesses.
Health Act 2006 - illegal to smoke in eclosed workplaces.

45
Q

What has the Change4Life campaign targeted?

A

Better diet and more exercise to tackle obesity.

46
Q

What have lifestyle campaigns targeted?

A

Smoking, drug use and drinking.

47
Q

How has the diagnosis of lung cancer been developed in this period?

A

Use of technology to improve early diagnosis.
PET-CT scan to identify cancerous cells.

48
Q

How has the treatment of lung cancer been developed in this period?

A
  1. Operation to remove tumour.
  2. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
  3. Transplants where cancerous cells can be replace by healthy ones from a donor.
49
Q

How has the prevention of lung cancer been developed in this period?

A

Smoking banned in public places in 2007.
Smoking banned in cars carrying children from 2015.
Legal age for buying tobacco raised to 18 in 2007.

50
Q

How has the government intervened with the selling of cigarettes?

A

Cigarette displays removed from shops displays in 2012.
Cigarette advertising banned in 2005.
Annual increases on taxes on tobacco products.

51
Q

What are the pressures facing the NHS?

A

Cost - technology becoming more advanced, operations and treatments become more expensive.
Not completely free - prescriptions and dental treatment have to be paid for.
Drug companies sell drugs too expensively NHS can’t afford it.

History (27 decks)

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