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Historic Environment Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the positive effects of Lister’s techniques in the war?

A

Helped patients avoid infection.
Deaths due to surgery reduced in hospitals.

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2
Q

Who discovered the X - ray and when?

A

William Roenteng in 1895.

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3
Q

What were the negative effects of the use of X-rays?

A

It lead to hair loss and extreme burns.
It took 90 minutes.
Difficult to move around.

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4
Q

Who discovered blood transfusions and when?

A

Blundell in 1818.

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5
Q

What were the negatives of blood transfusion in the first world war?

A

It clots as soon as it leaves the body, so donor would have to be connected to recipient.
Can be rejected.
Infection from unsterilised equipment.

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6
Q

What were the positives of blood transfusion in the first world war?

A

Saved lives as blood loss was a major problem.
Led to further development.

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7
Q

What did Landsteiner discover, that helped solve blood being rejected in blood transfusions?

A

1901, discovered existence of 3 blood groups. AB was found in 1902.
Donor and recipients blood type would be matched.

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8
Q

What is the frontline trench?

A

Where attacks would be made from.

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9
Q

What is the support trench?

A

80 metres behind the frontline. Soldiers would retreat here if the frontline came under attack.

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10
Q

What is the reserve trench?

A

100 metres behind the support trench. Reserve troops would be mobilised here for a counter-attack if frontline was captured.

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11
Q

What is the communication trench?

A

It ran between trenches, allowing communication.

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12
Q

What are the dugouts?

A

Dug into the side of trenches where men could take protective cover.

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13
Q

What are the artillery emplacements?

A

Prepared position for guns and weapons.

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14
Q

What is No mans land?

A

Area between opposing lines of trenches.

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15
Q

When was the first motor ambulance sent to the Western front?

A

1914, October

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16
Q

What were wounded men carried on in the final stage of the evacuation to the base hospitals on the french coast?

A

Train or canal

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17
Q

What did some trains contain towards the end of the war?

A

Operating theatres.

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18
Q

5 main medical problems on the Western front.

A
  1. Shells and Shrapnel
  2. Shell shock
  3. Trench foot
  4. Trench fever
  5. Infections from bacteria in soil.
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19
Q

What percentage of wounds were caused by shells and shrapnel on the western front?

A

58%

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20
Q

What was trench foot caused by?

A

Standing in cold mud and water, causes painful swelling of the feet.

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21
Q

What were some prevention methods of trench foot?

A

Rubbing whale oil into feet.
Keeping feet dry and changing socks regularly.

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22
Q

What is the second stage of trench foot?

A

Gangrene - foot decomposes.

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23
Q

What caused trench fever?

A

Lice

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24
Q

How would you know if you had trench fever?

A

Flu-like symptoms.

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25
Q

What would happen if second stage of Trench Foot occurred?

A

Amputation

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26
Q

What were some symptoms of shellshock?

A

Tiredness, nightmares, loss of speech, mental breakdowns.

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27
Q

Was shell shock well understood at this time?

A

No.

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28
Q

What did the soil contain that could lead to infections?

A

Bacteria for tetanus and gas gangrene.

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29
Q

What was introduced and when, that decreased the impact of tetanus?

A

Anti-tetanus injections. 1914.

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30
Q

How could shrapnel and bullets cause infection?

A

Fabric from clothes could be brought into the wound.
Soil full of bacteria.

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31
Q

What was used in a response to gas-attacks from 1915?

A

Gas masks.

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32
Q

What did chlorine gas do to the victim?

A

Led to death by suffocation.

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33
Q

When was Phosgene gas used and how many days could it kill within?

A

1915 - 2 days. Faster acting than chlorine.

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34
Q

What is mustard gas?

A

First used in 1917. Odourless gas that could work within 12 hours. Caused internal and external blisters.

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35
Q

When was it founded and what is the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry (FANY)?

A
  1. First women’s organisation to send volunteers to the Western front. Frontline support to medical services.
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36
Q

What is the Royal Army Medical Corps?

A

Organised and provided medical care. Consisted of all ranks from doctors to ambulance drivers and stretcher bearers.

37
Q

What is triage?

A

A system of sorting the wounded into groups according to who needs the most urgent attention.

38
Q

What is the Wagon ambulance?

A

Vehicles used to carry the sick and wounded.

39
Q

What is the field ambulance?

A

The unit of RAMC working at dressing stations.

40
Q

When did the first 6 FANY’s arrive?

A

27 October 1914.

41
Q

Who did the FANY end up working for?

A

French and Belgian troops as British would not make any use of them.

42
Q

What were FANY’s allowed to do in 1916?

A

Drive ambulances.

43
Q

What other things did FANY’s do?

A

Drove supplies such as food and clothing to the front. Set up cinemas to help the morale of the soldiers.

44
Q

Why was the system of transport so important?

A

Large number of casualties, essential there could be an efficient system to get the wounded from the frontline to an area where they could be safely treated.

45
Q

What were the 4 stages of treatment?

A

Regimental Aid Post
Dressing Stations
Casualty Clearing Stations
Base Hospitals

46
Q

What was the Regimental Aid Post?

A

200m away from the frontline, where regiment medical officers gave immediate first aid and get them back to fighting.
The wounded would be transported by stretcher.

47
Q

What were the dressing stations?

A

Located in abandoned buildings, dug-outs or shelters.
Staffed by 10 medical officers, who would give emergency medical treatment.
Men would either walk themselves or carried in stretchers.
After this men were either returned to fighting or moved on to the next phase of evacuation.

48
Q

What were the Casualty clearing stations?

A

Sufficient distance (10 miles) away from frontline to provide safety.
Set up in factories or schools.

49
Q

What 3 groups made up the triage?

A
  1. Walking wounded - returned to fighting
  2. Those in need of hospital treatment - transported to Base Hospitals
  3. No chance of recovery - made comfortable
50
Q

When would the triage system be used?

A

When soldiers arrived at the CCS.

51
Q

Where were the Base Hospitals located?

A

Near the French and Belgian coast, close to the ports.

52
Q

Why did CCS’s have a more important role than the base hospitals?

A

If contaminated wounds were not dealt with quickly, gangrene would develop leading to death.
Meaning base hospitals often continued treatment that was started in the CCS.

53
Q

What was the Thomas Splint and when was it introduced?

A
  1. Stopped joints from moving and survival rates went from 20% to 82%. Reduced infection from compound fractures.
54
Q

What would happen if broken bones were not kept rigid?

A

Major bleeding - leading to death

55
Q

What were broken bones caused by?

A

Gunshot and shrapnel wounds.

56
Q

What happened to those with broken legs before the splint was invented?

A

They either died or had their leg amputated.

57
Q

Why was Thomas sent to Boulougne?

A

To instruct medical practitioners how to use the Thomas Splint.

58
Q

Why were mobile X - rays useful?

A

A way to identify shell fragments and bullets in wounds.
Could be transported around in a truck for soldiers to be treated more quickly.

59
Q

What were the problems of X-rays?

A

Could not detect clothing.
Men had to remain still for long periods of time.
Tubes would overheat and could break. Only be used for 1 hour at a time.

60
Q

Why did Blundell investigate into blood transfusions?

A

To help pregnant women give birth.

61
Q

When did Landsteiner discover why blood was rejected in blood transfusions?

A

1901

62
Q

What was tetanus?

A

Caused by bacteria. Often called “lockjaw” as it caused painful muscle contractions that made it hard to swallow or open the mouth.

63
Q

What was gas gangrene?

A

Caused by bacteria.
The bacteria would gather in an injury or surgical wound that has no blood supply.
The infection releases gas and causes tissue death.

64
Q

What do you need to include in an 8 marker?

A

2 paragraphs
Quotes
Own knowledge
Provenance (nature, origin, purpose, who wrote it and why)
Link back to why it’s useful

65
Q

What was the Ypres Salient?

A

Area around Ypres where many battles took place.

66
Q

When were the battles of Ypres?

A

First Battle - 1914
Second Battle - 1915
Third Battle - 1917

67
Q

Why did Germans have an advantage at the Ypres Salient?

A

They were on higher ground.

68
Q

What did the British use at the Ypres Salient?

A

Tunnels and mines used at Hill 60.

69
Q

When was the battle of the Somme?

A

July-November 1917.

70
Q

How many casualties and deaths on the 1st day of battle of the Somme?

A

60,000 casualties.
20,000 deaths.

71
Q

How many allied casualties in the battle of the Somme?

A

400,000 - put pressure on medical services.

72
Q

When was the Battle of Arras?

A

1917

73
Q

What happened before the Battle of Arras?

A

Allied soldiers dug tunnels leading to rooms and underground hospitals. Had 700 beds and operating theatre.

74
Q

What and when was the Battle of Cambrai?

A
  1. 450 tanks used to advance on German position, however, plan did not works as there was not enough infantry support.
75
Q

How was trench fever treated?

A

Passing an electric current through infected area.

76
Q

How was trench fever prevented?

A

Delousing stations set up and clothes disinfected.

77
Q

How many people were affected by shell-shock?

A

80,000

78
Q

How were then victims of shell-shock treated?

A

Rest and treatment in the UK. Some were shot.

79
Q

What was the effect of machine guns on injuries?

A

Pierced organs and fractured bones.

80
Q

Number of ambulances in 1914 compared to 1915.

A

1914 - 0
1915 - 250

81
Q

What was at the base hospitals?

A

X-rays, operating theatres and areas to deal with gas poisoning.

82
Q

Where and how were blood transfusions used?

A

At base hospitals by a syringe and tube. Extended to CCS from 1917.

83
Q

How was the problem of blood clotting addressed at Cambrai?

A

Adding Sodium Citrate to blood, allowing it to be stored for longer. Blood was stored in glass bottles at the blood bank in Cambrai.

84
Q

How was brain surgery performed?

A

Magnets used to remove metal fragments from the brain. Performed with local anaesthetic.

85
Q

What is a compound fracture?

A

Broken bones pierce the skin, increases risk of infection in wounds.

86
Q

What is debridement?

A

Cutting away dead and infected tissue from and around the wound.

87
Q

What is a mobile X-ray unit?

A

Portable X-ray unit that could be moved around the Western Front.

88
Q

What is general anaesthetic?

A

Patient being put to sleep during operation.

89
Q

What is local anaesthetic?

A

Area operated is numbed to prevent pain while patient is awake.

History (27 decks)

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