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History > Elizabeth - challenges abroard > Flashcards

Elizabeth - challenges abroard Flashcards

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1
Q

Why did England and Spain have a good relation at the start of Elizabeth’s reign?

A

Marriage alliances (henry viii and Catherine, Mary i and Phillip)
Fought together against France in 1550s.

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2
Q

who controlled the Netherlands?

A

Spain / Phillip

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3
Q

Why were the netherlands important to england?

A

English exports vital to englands economy- exports went through dutch ports like antwerp

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4
Q

One reasons why there was political rivalry between Spain and England

A

Earl of Leicesters intervention in the Netherlands

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5
Q

how did elizabeth help dutch rebels against the spanish in 1568

A

after dutch revolted she sheltered dutch sea beggars in her ports

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6
Q

Which port in the Netherlands was vital to England’s exports?

A

Antwerp

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7
Q

What did Elizabeth do in 1568 with the Spanish ships that took refuge in English ports?

A

Seized the gold for herself - ‘Genoese Loan’ - arguing it was money from Italian bankers not Spanish gold

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8
Q

How did Phillip react to the seizure of the Genoese loan?

A

Banned English trade with the Netherlands. This damaged England’s economy.

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9
Q

Who did Elizabeth encourage to help the Dutch in the 1570’s?

A

French Duke of Alencon

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10
Q

What did the Spanish sign with the Dutch after the Spanish went went bankrupt in 1576?

A

The Pacification of Ghent asking the Spanish to leave the Netherlands.

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11
Q

How did Elizabeth supporrt the Dutch rebellion against Spanish rule in 1581?

A

Offered some financial help but did not want to provoke Phillip.

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12
Q

What did the French and Spanish sign in 1584 and how did this impact England?

A

Treaty of Joinville. Signed by Phillip of Spain and French Catholic League basically planning to end Protestantism in Europe. The privy council pushed Elizabeth to respond by sending an army to the Netherlands.

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13
Q

What was the name of the Treaty Elizabeth signed which placed the Netherlands under her protection?

A

Treaty of Nonsuch

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14
Q

Why did Elizabeth sign the Treaty of Nonsuch? (4 points)

A

-Freedom of worship in the Netherlands
-If the Dutch were defeated Phillip could use the Netherlands as a base for invasion and control the Atlantic coasts of Europe
- for trade
-Response to the treaty of Joinville

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15
Q

How many troops did Elizabeth send to the Netherlands, in 1585?

A

7000

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16
Q

Why did England fail in the Netherlands?

A

Dudley not a talented general
English army small and poorly funded compared with Spanish

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17
Q

What did Phillip do after Elizabeth signed the Treaty of Nonsuch?

A

Prepared to invade England

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18
Q

Which Spanish port did Drake attack in 1587?

A

Cadiz

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19
Q

Why did Drake attack Cadiz in 1587 and how many ships did he destroy?

A

To slow down preparations for the Armada.
30
Delayed Armada by a year - gives England time to prepare.

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20
Q

What was the nickname given to the attack on Cadiz?

A

Singeing of the King of Spain’s beard

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21
Q

When did the Armada depart?

A

May 1588

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22
Q

Why was the Armada unable to join forces with the Netherlands?

A

Poor communication. Troops in the Netherlands were slowed down by Dutch ships blocking them at Ostned.

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23
Q

What did the English do to cause panic among the Spanish which led them to cut there anchors?

A

Sent fireships towards the Spanish fleet while they were anchored at Calais. Caused them to cut the ropes.

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24
Q

Why were English tactics superior to the Spanish?

A

They had faster narrower ships that could sail close to the Spanish and then move away from them quickly.

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25
Q

What role did the wind play in the defeat of the Spanish Armada?

A

The wind changed direction and blew the Armada in to the North Sea making it impossible to meet up with Parma. It also meant that the Spanish got stuck in storms and had to sail back via Scotland and Ireland where many ships got shipwrecked.

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26
Q

Who was the Spanish General leading the campaign against the Dutch rebels/English?

A

Duke of Palma

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27
Q

Why was France a threat to Elizabeth in 1558?

A

-Mary I had been in an anti-French alliance during her reign with her husband, Phillip.
-They lost Calais under Mary I reign meaning England was more vulnerable to attack by France as they controlled the entire Northern coastline.
-France supported MQS as she was married to King Francis of France.
-France wanted to place Mary as queen so the King Francis could be King.
-France was predominantly Catholic.

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28
Q

When was the Treaty of Nonsuch signed?

A

August, 1585

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29
Q

When was the pacification of Ghent requested?

A

1576

30
Q

When was the “Genoesse Loan”?

A

1568

31
Q

What did Elizabeth send Duke of Anjou and when?

A

£60,000 to aid his aim of becoming the King of the Netherlands. 1579

32
Q

Explain the commercial rivalry between Spain and England.

A

English privateers like Sir Francis Drake traded with Spain’s America colonies. In 1580, they raided Spanish ships and stole their treasure. Some of this money went to Elizabeth.

33
Q

How did Spain respond the first time around after the Genoesse Loan?

A

Arrested English merchants in the Spanish Netherlands.

34
Q

How did England respond the first time around after Spanish arrested English merchants?

A

Arrested Spanish merchants in England.

35
Q

How did Phillip respond to the protestant uprising in 1566?

A

Sent troops in 1566.

36
Q

What were some of the bad Spanish tactics?

A

They tried to board English ships and fight man to man. English ships could just stay out the way and then fire cannonball to sink Spanish ships.
Spanish sailors were also less experienced at naval warfare than English sailors.

37
Q

Who was Cardinal William Allen?

A

The popes English cardinal.

38
Q

What did William Allen beg Phillip to do?

A

Intervene with England to restore Catholicism.

39
Q

What did William Allen say to persuade Phillip to invade?

A

That the British army were in bad shape, even though they weren’t.

40
Q

What did bad weather mean when the Spanish Armada left?

A

They left in May but didn’t get there until July, supplies were running out.

41
Q

Why did France not go to war with England?

A

Had their own problems with the reformation.
Didn’t have the money to go to war.

42
Q

Why did the Dutch put forth the Pacification of Ghent?

A

Spanish went bankrupt and could no long finance the war with rebels. Resulted in the Spanish fury - where unpaid troops went on a rampage and sacked Antwerp, which ultimately led to the Pacification.

43
Q

How did Phillip respond to the Pacification of Ghent?

A

Sent Palma to regain control. Palma was successful.

44
Q

2 ways Elizabeth supported Dutch protestants.

A
  1. Allowed Dutch sea beggars safe passage in English ports.
  2. Sent money to groups fighting the Spanish.
45
Q

How did Phillip and the Pope see protestantism?

A

A direct threat to the authority of the Catholic church.

46
Q

When did the Netherlands convert to Protestantism?

A

Early 16th century.

47
Q

Who did Phillip send to pacify protestants in 1567?

A

Duke of Alba.

48
Q

How many people did Duke of Alba kill in 5 years?

A

5,000

49
Q

How did the English gov. view Alba and Spain killing of protestants?

A

Said Spain posed a direct threat to protestantism and England.

50
Q

What was Spain’s imperial position?

A

They had conquered new land in Peru and Mexico - providing them with gold and sliver.

51
Q

When did Drake circumnavigate the world?

A

1577-1580

52
Q

What was England’s imperial position compared to Spains?

A

Slower to develop - however Drake was travelling the world and discovering new trade routes and land.

53
Q

Why was the Netherlands important?

A

Important as a port, allowed countries to trade with European countries.

54
Q

Why was it a struggle for England to have settlements in the New World?

A

Spain could control who had access to the New World and didn’t give any English sailors licences.
English traders had to come into conflict with Spanish if they wanted to trade.

55
Q

How did Elizabeth engage in commercial rivalry in Spain?

A

She financed merchants to raid Spanish colonies and steal from Spanish ships.

56
Q

How did Elizabeth cause Spain to run out of money in 1576?

A

Encouraged sea beggars to attack and steal from Spanish ships sailing between Spain and the Netherlands.

57
Q

What battle was the outcome of Spain running out of money in 1576?

A

Battle of Antwerp - soldiers raped and fought the Dutch.

58
Q

What did the Battle of Antwerp cause the Dutch to do?

A

All 17 provinces (including Catholics ones) signed the pacification of Ghent.

59
Q

What was the impact of Drake being knighted by Elizabeth?

A

Clear message to Phillip that Elizabeth approved of the actions of privateers and increased hostility.

60
Q

How many ships were seen at the first sighting of the Armada?

A

130

61
Q

When was the first sighting of the Armada?

A

29th July 1588

62
Q

What happened on the 3rd of August at the Isle of Wight?

A

Spanish were outgunned by English.
Spanish wasted lots of ammunition.

63
Q

What did the battle at the Isle of Wight cause the Armada to do?

A

Stop off at the coast of the Netherlands at Gravelines to wait for the Duke of Palma with reinforcements at Calais.

64
Q

What happened on the 8th of August?

A

English attacked Armada with fireships, never able to rendezvous with Parma and scattered.

65
Q

Who were the English led by?

A

Drake and Howard.

66
Q

What were 3 actions from the Spanish that led to the English victory?

A

Poor communication.
Lack of supplies.
Panic from fireships.

67
Q

Who was there no communication between that led to the English victory?

A

Duke of Medina Sidonia - Admiral of Spanish fleet and Duke of Palma - commander of land army.

68
Q

Why was there a lack of supplies?

A

At sea for 10 weeks - by August food had rotten.

69
Q

What had the panic from the fireships caused the Spanish to do?

A

Cut anchors and lost the protection of the formation.

70
Q

What were 2 actions of the English that led to English victory?

A

Better tactics.
Better equipment and ships.

71
Q

What advantage did the English have?

A

Home advantage.

72
Q

When did Elizabeth shelter Dutch sea beggars in her ports?

A

1567 - from where they then attacked Spanish ships.

History (27 decks)

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