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History > Civil Rights - Protests (1960-65) > Flashcards

Civil Rights - Protests (1960-65) Flashcards

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1
Q

How did the federal government eventually support the freedom riders?

A

Offered federal support to enforce desegregation if the states did not obey.

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2
Q

How many more black Americans were registered to vote in Mississippi after the Freedom Summer?

A

1,600

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3
Q

The Selma protested coincided with Johnson’s call for what?

A

The Voting Rights Act

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4
Q

How did Johnson support the Selma campaign?

A

Federal troops escorted marchers from Selma to Montgomery

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5
Q

How did SNCC and CORE support the sit-ins?

A

Trained students in non-violent principles and how to cope with harassment.

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6
Q

What university did James Meredith re-apply to and when?

A

University of Mississippi in 1962.

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7
Q

What was the response to James Meredith attending Mississippi?

A

Met with an armed mob of 3,000 on the first day.

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8
Q

What was the name of the racist police chief who could easily be proved into using violence with peaceful protestors?

A

Eugene “Bull” Connor

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9
Q

When the jails were full what did Bull Connor use on the marchers?

A

Dogs and fire hoses

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10
Q

What was the aim of the freedom summer (1964)?

A

To increase black voter registration in Mississippi.

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11
Q

What happened to 3 CORE volunteers on the 21st of June 1964?

A

Murdered by the KKK

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12
Q

When was the Civil Rights Act passed?

A

1964

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13
Q

When was the Voting Rights act passed?

A

1965

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14
Q

What was the aim of the freedom rides?

A

To desegregate interstate buses and facilities.

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15
Q

Which group organised violent opposition to the freedom riders?

A

KKK and White Citizens Council

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16
Q

What did the 4 black college students do to protest against segregation in Greensboro 1960?

A

Sat at an all-white lunch counter (Woolworths) and refused to leave.

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17
Q

How many students - black and white - had joined the Greensboro sit-in by the 5th day?

A

300

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18
Q

How were the protesters at Woolworth’s treated by the counter-protestors?

A

Sworn at, insulted, spat at and had food thrown at them.

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19
Q

How did Woolworths react to the protestors?

A

Initially closed the store down but eventually forced to desegregate.

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20
Q

Which organisation was introduced after the success of the sit-ins?

A

Student Non-violent Co-ordinating Centre (SNCC)

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21
Q

What was the wider response to the sit-ins?

A

Sympathy for protestors - many Americans horrified at the violent response to them.

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22
Q

What was the name given to the activists who challenged segregation on interstate buses?

A

Freedom riders.

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23
Q

Which organisation was behind the freedom rides?

A

CORE

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24
Q

How did the freedom riders challenge segregation?

A

Black and white students sat in the wrong areas of the bus.

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25
Q

What was the racist’s reaction to the freedom riders?

A

Beatings, firebombs, mob attacks.

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26
Q

What did Bull Connor order the police not to do when a mob attacked the Freedom riders in Birmingham?

A

Ordered them not to intervene to help the freedom riders.

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27
Q

What was the FBI’s reaction to the KKK attacks on freedom riders?

A

Decided not to arrest any KKK members.

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28
Q

How did JFK support the freedom riders?

A

Promised to enforce the desegregation of interstate buses and facilities.

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29
Q

Which federal body intervened to force UoM to accept Merdith?

A

Supreme Court

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30
Q

What did JFK do when UoM physically prevented Meredith from entering?

A

Sent 320 federal marshals to escort Meredith to campus.

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31
Q

What happened when Meredith registerd?

A

A riot broke out (2 people killed)

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32
Q

How long were troops protecting Meredith for?

A

3 years (until he graduated)

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33
Q

Which city did MLK describe as the most segregated city in the US?

A

Birmingham, Alabama

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34
Q

Who was the police chief of Birmingham?

A

Eugene “bull” Connor

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35
Q

Why did MLK suspect there would be a violent reaction to his campaign in Birmingham?

A

‘Bull’ Connor had used violence against peaceful protestors before (freedom riders)

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36
Q

Why did MLK want a violent reaction to non-violent protests?

A

Media attention and sympathy for protestors.

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37
Q

What are 4 examples of non-violent protests used in Birmingham?

A

Sit-ins
Boycotts
Marches
Mass meetings

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38
Q

How many children were arrested for joining the marches in Birmingham?

A

900

39
Q

What did Connor order police to do to try to get rid of the Birmingham protestors?

A

Set huge water cannons and dogs on the protestors.

40
Q

How did wider America react to the media coverage of the violence towards protestors at Birmingham?

A

Sympathetic to protestors.

41
Q

When was the Birmingham campaign?

A

1963

42
Q

When was the march on Washington?

A

1963

43
Q

What was the purpose of the Washington march?

A

Pressure for Civil Rights Bill

44
Q

What civil rights groups were involved in organising the Washington march?

A

NAACP, CORE, SNCC, SCLC

45
Q

How many people attended the Washington march?

A

250,000

46
Q

What speech was made at Washington and by whom?

A

MLK - ‘I have a dream’

47
Q

What was the name given to pop-up schools for black school children designed to address racial inequalities?

A

Freedom schools

48
Q

Who ran freedom schools?

A

Volunteers (including 1000 white college students)

49
Q

How did the KKK react to freedom schools?

A

Burned crosses, churches and homes and attacked volunteers.

50
Q

When and where was the Freedom summer?

A

Mississippi - 1964

51
Q

What happened to the 3 freedom summer activists when they arrived in Mississippi?

A

Murdered by the KKK following tip-off from police.

52
Q

What 3 ways did both JFK and Johnson support civil rights?

A

Appointed black Americans to high-level government jobs.
Backed the civil rights bill
Sent in federal troops to enforce desegregation.

53
Q

What was the name of Johnson’s series of programmes that aimed at ending poverty and racial injustice?

A

Greater Society

54
Q

Name 3 achievements of the Civil Rights Act.

A
  1. Banned segregation of public facilities.
  2. Outlawed racial discrimination in employment.
  3. Set up an organisation to enforce desegregation.
55
Q

Name 3 limitations of Civil Rights Act.

A
  1. Did not address black voting rights in the south.
  2. Did not address low wages and poor housing for black Americans
  3. 58% of black children still remained in segregated schools by 1968.
56
Q

What percentage of Selma’s population were black?

A

50%

57
Q

What percentage of Selma’s black population were registered to vote?

A

1%

58
Q

What was the name of Selma’s hardliner police chief?

A

Jim Clark

59
Q

How many protestors marched from Selma to Montogomery?

A

600

60
Q

What was the event known as ‘Bloody Sunday’?

A

On Sunday, marchers were attacked with tear gas and clubs and then forced back to Selma.

61
Q

How did Johnson help with Selma?

A

He ordered the state national guard to escort the marchers from Selma to Montgomery.

62
Q

How many people attended the second Selma march led by MLK?

A

25,000

63
Q

Name 2 things the Voting Rights Act achieved?

A

Outlawed literacy tests and poll taxes as requirement to vote.
Set up body to monitor voter registration.

64
Q

Out of 13 Southern states, how many had fewer than 50% of black citizens registered to vote by 1966?

A

4

65
Q

When was the greensboro sit-in?

A

1960

66
Q

How many people joined the greensboro protest within 3 days?

A

300

67
Q

Who was the SNCC (Student non-violent coordinating committee) set up by?

A

SCLC and CORE.

68
Q

What was the SNCC?

A

Trained students to do sit-ins

69
Q

What did the greensboro sit-ins show for publicity?

A

Showed publicity was important in gaining supporters.
Showed non-violent methods to be the most effective way to gain the side of the media.

70
Q

What did the Supreme Court declare in December 1960?

A

That all state transport and facilities should be desegregated.

71
Q

Who tried to test the Supreme Courts statement in 1960?

A

13 CORE activists by riding 2 buses from Washington DC to the South.

72
Q

What happened when the freedom riders got to Anniston, Alabama?

A

100 KKK members attacked and firebombed the bus, nearly killing everyone inside.

73
Q

State one consequence of the freedom riders for the US GOV.

A

Huge embarrassment from government as state policemen such as Bull Connor had supported the act.

74
Q

What did the Federal government say in response to freedom rides?

A

It would use federal officers to enforce desegregation - facilities began to desegregate.

75
Q

How many freedom rides were there?

A

60

76
Q

How big was the mob that attacked Meredith when registering?

A

3000 people

77
Q

How many federal officers were sent to protect Meredith when registering?

A

500

78
Q

How did the governor of Missipipi and university officials respond to the order of the supreme court?

A

Ignored it - they were WCC members.

79
Q

When was the Birmingham campaign and march on washington?

A

1963

80
Q

How many people attended march on Washington?

A

250,000 about 40,000 were white.

81
Q

How many black people had registered to vote in the south between 1962 and 1964?

A

700,000 - still not very much compared to the number of black people who lived there.

82
Q

What did the SNCC do to increase voter registration in the south?

A

Sent 1000 volunteers to Mississippi to increase black voter registration.

83
Q

Why was Birmingham chosen?

A
  1. Total segregation
  2. Bull connor
84
Q

Who was the CRA introduced and passed by?

A

Introduced by Kennedy - passed by Johnson.

85
Q

When was the voting rights act signed?

A

6th August 1965

86
Q

By December 1965 how many new voters registered?

A

80,000 - but it was very slow, led to frustration that the government weren’t doing enough.

87
Q

What still happened despite the passing of the CRA and VRA?

A

Still discrimination in education, housing and employment.

88
Q

How did Kennedy help CR?

A

Sent federal troops to help Meredith.
Supported freedom riders with escorts.

89
Q

What did Johnson do?

A

Passed CRA and VRA
Federal troops for selma marchers.
Good relations with Dixiecrats - meant that he could get CRA pushed through.

90
Q

What was the percentage of black people in Selma were registered to vote?

A

1%

91
Q

Evidence for Selma to be a racist area.

A

Largest WCC in Alabama.

92
Q

When was Selma?

A

1965

93
Q

What happened on the 7th March 1965?

A

Protestors marched from Selma to Montgomery.

94
Q

What was the freedom summer?

A

A project aimed at increasing the number of registered black American voters in the state of Mississipp

History (27 decks)

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