Cold War 1941 - 1955 Flashcards
Which countries were in the Grand Alliance in WW2?
Britain, USA and the Soviet Union
Who was the Grand Alliance members common enemy?
Germany and Japan
What action caused the Grand Alliance to be formed?
When German troops invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, despite a non-aggression pact.
Why did the USA-USSR alliance begin to break down in 1945?
As soon as the common threats of Germany and Japan were removed, it was inevitable a conflict would develop between the two super powers.
What were the 2 different beliefs that the USA and the USSR had which led to the break down of their relations?
Capitalist and Democratic versus Communist and Dictatorship
What different aims did the USA and USSR have which led to the break down of their relations?
America - help Germany to recover, stop Russia getting control of Eastern Europe
USSR - wanted huge reparations from Germany, a buffer of friendly states in eastern Europe
One reason why the USA resented USSR prior to WW2?
Nazi-Soviet pact 1939
2 reasons why USSR resented USA prior to WW2?
Britain and America tried to destroy Russian revolution in 1918.
Britain and America did not stand up to Germany in the run up to WW2.
What was the Truman Doctrine?
Truman retaliates to soviet expansion by providing money and troops to democratic nations such as Greece and Turkey that are under threat.
When was the Truman Doctrine?
1947
What provoked the Truman Doctrine?
When wealthy European countries could no longer provide support for shattered economies that were being influenced by communism.
What policy did the USA follow before WW2?
Policy of isolation.
What was the policy of isolation?
Not getting involved in the affairs of others.
What policy had the US adapted?
Policy of containment.
What was the policy of containment?
Trying to limit the spread of communism.
What point did Truman want to make with the Truman Doctrine?
That capitalism was a better option than communism.
What was the Marshall Plan aim?
-To rebuild the economies of western Europe
-to contain the spread of communism
-to create new markets in Europe for American goods.
What methods did Truman use to carry out the Marshall plan?
Between 1948 and 1952, American sent 12.7 billion dollars of aid in addition to the 13 billion dollars of aid already given before the Marshall plan.
What were the impacts of the Marshall plan on US-Soviet relations?
It made the USSR look weak and poor.
It strengthened the ties between America and Western Europe.
What was the impact of the Truman Doctrine on US-Soviet relations?
America had put itself in direct opposition with the USSR.
Stalin saw Truman’s plan as evidence to destroy the USSR by dominating in as many countries as he could and making those countries depend on American money e.g. “dollar imperialism”.
Stalin’s suspicions of the US were reinforced - USA trying to crush communism.
How did the USSR respond to the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall plan?
Cominform (1947) and Comecon (1949)
When was the Marshall Plan?
1947
Why did Stalin set up Cominform?
Gave Stalin a way of directing and controlling the satellite states.
What did Stalin want from Cominform?
To ensure they followed communism.
Encouraged satellite states to trade with each other.
All contact from non-communist countries was discouraged.
What was Comecon?
Aimed to support economic development in it’s member states.
What were Stalin’s methods to enforce Comecon?
Arranged trade agreements between satellite states.
Encouraged trade between member states.
What was the impact of Cominform and Camecon on US-Soviet relations?
Increased tensions and encouraged America to seek a new military alliance with Western European countries (NATO).
When was the Berlin Blockade?
1948
What caused the Berlin Blockade?
Formation of Trizonia and the creation of the Deutschmark (giving west Germany economic unity) enraged the east as it acknowledged that there were two Germany’s: West and East.
Stalin thought the west were ganging up on the USSR and that by developing the west more effectively, they were deliberately trying to force the east into poverty. He now was even more determined to protect Soviet interests in Germany.
How did Stalin want Germany to be ruled?
One united Germany under communist ideology.
Four reasons Stalin blockaded West Berlin.
To make him appear strong.
To spread communism further.
To increase Soviet security.
To show that a divided Germany would not work.
How many days after the Deuschmark was invented did the USSR block all road and rail links into West Berlin?
6
How many tonnes of supplies would they have to deliver to keep Berlin going?
2000 tonnes a day.
When did the blockade stop?
May 1949
Why did the blockade end?
A massive US-British airlift of vital supplies to West Berlin’s two million citizens.
Why did Stalin want to blockade Berlin?
A strong Germany would be a threat to Stalin, so wanted to starve western sector of supplies and force them out.
What 4 points led to the development of the Cold War?
Lost common enemy of the Nazi’s
USSR and it’s buffer states were feared.
Conflicting ideologies
Nuclear arms
When was Yalta?
Feb 1945
What happened at Yalta?
Germany slit into 4.
Germany to pay $20 billion in reparations
UN set up
USSR could have a sphere of influence but elections had to be free.
What happened the day after the first day of Potsdam?
US tested atomic bomb.
What was the impact of the testing of the bomb after Potsdam day 1?
Stalin felt threatened - increased tensions
Created buffer zones to protect himself
Start of nuclear arms race.
When was Potsdam?
July 1945
What happened in Aug 1945?
Hiroshima and Nagasaki - 120,000 civilians killed.
When was the Long Telegram?
Feb 1946
What did George Kennan report in the Long Telegram?
Stalin wants to destroy capitalism and take over the world.
However, USSR would back down if USA showed strength.
What did the Novikov telegram state?
USA aim to dominate the world
Truman is not willing to co-operate and the American people are supportive of nuclear war.
When were Bulgaria and Romania taken over?
1945
What led to Poland being under Soviet control?
“Free elections” however, voters intimidated by Soviets.
When were Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia conquered by USSR?
1940
What was the change of policy in the US as a response to Soviet Expansion?
From policy of isolation to policy of containment.
What happened in Hungary in 1947 that led to a communist party being elected?
Voters intimidated by a campaign supported in Moscow and therefore, communist party elected.
What did Benes try to do in Czechoslovakia that led to his removal of power?
Restore pre-war democracy. Stalin saw this as a threat to a buffer-state he was trying to set up. Benes removed from power.
When was NATO formed?
April 1949
When was the Grand Alliance created?
1941
Why was the Grand Alliance created?
To defeat Nazi Germany and other Axis powers including Japan (Nazi Germany’s allies).
Who was part of the Grand Alliance?
- Britain
-USA
-The Soviet Union
Which conference came first?
The Tehran Conference
When did the Tehran Conference happen?
November- December 1943