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History > Cold War - 1955 - 1964 > Flashcards

Cold War - 1955 - 1964 Flashcards

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1
Q

What year was the Warsaw Pact formed?

A

1955

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2
Q

Why was the Warsaw pact formed?

A

So, they could defend each other and work together.
So, Stalin could increase his control.
Response to West Berlin becoming part of NATO.

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3
Q

What were the causes of the Hungarian Uprising?

A

Death of Stalin led to instability within the USSR.
Nikita Kruschev policy of destalinisation, showed that there would be more freedom allowed in the buffer states.

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4
Q

What were the 6 main events of the Hungarian Uprising?

A
  1. October - Anti-communists actions begin e.g. pulling down a statue of Stalin.
  2. Nagy publishes reform plans.
  3. 4th of November - Khrushchev send 200,000 troops.
  4. 20,000 Hungarians killed.
  5. Communist government set up under Janis Kadar.
  6. Nagy executed.
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5
Q

What were the two major consequences of the Soviet Invasion in Hungary?

A

Made Khrushchev’s position in the USSR stronger and increased his control over the Warsaw Pact.
Weakened the west, as they didn’t invade, showing they were keen to avoid military confrontation. Reinforcing the idea of MAD.

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6
Q

What year and month was the Berlin Ultimatum?

A

November 1958.

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7
Q

What caused the Berlin Ultimatum?

A

1/6 of East Germans had left by 1958.
Khrushchev is worried about Western occupations in West Berlin.

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8
Q

Why did East Germans want to leave?

A

Greater quality of life in the west.
Better job opportunities.
More freedom to do and say what you want.

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9
Q

Why was East German’s leaving to the West a problem for USSR?

A

Embarrassing - showed that communism was a better option than capitalism.
Brain drain- losing skilled workers, so economy suffers

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10
Q

What were the names of the 4 summits between 1959 and 1961 (in order)?

A

Geneva, Camp David, Paris and Vienna.

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11
Q

When was the Geneva summit?

A

May, 1959

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12
Q

When was the Camp David summit?

A

September, 1959

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13
Q

When was the Paris summit?

A

May, 1960

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14
Q

When was the Vienna summit?

A

June, 1961

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15
Q

What happened in the Geneva summit?

A

No agreement reached on how to solve the Berlin problem.

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16
Q

What happened in the Camp David summit?

A

Soviets agree to withdraw the Berlin Ultimatum, better relations.

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17
Q

What happened in the Paris summit?

A

Soviets shot down U-2 spy plane.
Eisenhower doesn’t apologise for spying.
Relations worsened.

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18
Q

What happened in the Vienna summit?

A

Khrushchev thought he could bully JFK, so he renewed the Ultimatum.
No agreements made.

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19
Q

When did the Berlin Wall go up?

A

August, 1961

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20
Q

How long was the wall?

A

165 km

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21
Q

How many people still tried to escape West Berlin after the wall went up?

A

5,000

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22
Q

Why did the Berlin wall relax tensions?

A

It was a clear divide.

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23
Q

Did the Berlin Wall solve the refugee crisis?

A

Yes.

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24
Q

Why was West Berlin thriving more than East Berlin?

A

The west had poured money into West Berlin, throughout the 1950’s.

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25
Q

What fears did the US have about the USSR?

A

They had fears of Soviet technological advancements.

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26
Q

What did the US fears of soviet advancements mean for the USSR?

A

It meant that the USSR thought that the US would put nuclear weapons in West Berlin to protect themselves.
Leading to the Ultimatum.

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27
Q

What did Khrushchev think any success in Berlin would mean?

A

It would show that communism was better than capitalism.

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28
Q

What did the Berlin Ultimatum state?

A

That Western troops had to withdraw from West Berlin, within 6 months, so Berlin could be a free city.

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29
Q

What did Khrushchev threaten to do if the West did not co-operate?

A

He would give control of transport in and out of West Berlin to GDR. Meaning, West Berlin would be cut off completely or would have to ask for permission to accesS the GDR.

30
Q

Why was this threatened agreement with the GDR clever?

A

It would force the FRG to recognise the GDR, something they reused to do.
It would also mean that Khrushchev would not be breaking the treaty that gave the West access to West Berlin.

31
Q

What type of government did Fidel Castro take over in 1959?

A

Pro-American government.

32
Q

What agreement was formed (and when) between Khrushchev and Castro ?

A

Feb - 1960 Khrushchev agreed to buy Cuban sugar in return for supplying arms to Cuba.

33
Q

How far away was the pro-Soviet regime from US mainland?

A

145km

34
Q

When did JKF ban all trade with Cuba?

A

October 1960

35
Q

When are all diplomatic relations broken off between Cuba and the US?

A

Jan 1961

36
Q

When was the Bay of Pigs?

A

April 1961

37
Q

Who were the cuban exiles directed by in the Bay of Pigs?

A

US government.

38
Q

Who did the Cuban exiles oppose?

A

Fidel Castro.

39
Q

How many exiles met the Cuban army?

A

1,200 meets 14,000

40
Q

What were the consequences of the BoP?

A
  1. America look weak and hypocritical after criticising USSR intervention in Hungary.
  2. Strengthened relations between Cuba + USSR. - Cuba wanted USSR to protect them against the US. Supplying arms. Cuba had chosen communism.
41
Q

When was the Cuban Missile Crisis?

A

October 1962.

42
Q

What did JFK do after nuclear arms were found on Cuba?

A

Imposed a naval blockade, prepared troops for invasion.

43
Q

How did Khrushchev initially respond to the blockade?

A

Said there were no missiles anyway, and that the USSR would ignore the blockade.

44
Q

What did Khrushchev do when he got to the blockade?

A

He turned around.

45
Q

What did the first letter Khrushchev sent JFK state?

A

That the missiles would be removed if the US didn’t invade Cuba.

46
Q

What did the second letter Khrushchev sent JFK state?

A

Khrushchev added that missiles in Turkey would also, have to be removed.

47
Q

How did JFK respond?

A

Ignores second telegram, responds to first by agreeing. Crisis Over.

48
Q

What were the consequences of the Cuban Missile Crisis? (4)

A
  1. 3 treaties to avoid nuclear war
  2. JFK appears strong and tough on communism.
  3. Khrushchev resigns in 1964.
  4. Relations become better.
49
Q

What was the Test Ban Treaty?

A

Signed by the US, USSR and Britain, agreeing to prohibit the use of nuclear weapons in Outer Space, underwater or in the atmosphere.

50
Q

What was the Outer Space treaty?

A

Specifically ruled out putting nuclear weapons into orbit.

51
Q

Why was the Outer Space treaty introduced?

A

US and USSR were in a ‘space race’ competing to explore the Earths orbit. Meaning, possibility of launching a military attack from space was becoming realistic.

52
Q

What was the Non-proliferation treaty?

A

Countries that signed up to the treaty would agree not to share their knowledge of nuclear weapons with other countries.

53
Q

Why was the Non-proliferation treaty important?

A

It meant that, potentially, less damage would be done, if less countries have nuclear intelligence.

54
Q

What was launched in 1957?

A

Soviet satellite - Sputnik

55
Q

How far away is Cuba from US?

A

90 miles

56
Q

3 reasons why JFK put in the blockade.

A

Redeem post Bay of Pigs.
Assert his dominance post Berlin Wall.
Worried about Cuba having missiles that could attack US.

57
Q

Why did Krushchev have missiles on Cuba?

A

Wanted to defend Cuba from US, because Cuba felt threatened.

58
Q

What were the reasons for the summits 1959-61?

A

To resolve the ultimatum (Berlin problem).

59
Q

What did the Ultimatum state?

A

That the Western powers should withdraw their troops from Berlin within six months.

60
Q

Who were the two leaders at the ultimatum summits?

A

Eisenhower.
Khrushchev.

61
Q

What 3 things were needed to be talked about at Pairs summit?

A

Berlin - soviets upset about amount of east Germans leaving.
Cuba - America concerned about communist gov.
Test- ban treaty.

62
Q

How many days before Paris was the U2 spy plane shot down?

A

13

63
Q

Outcome of Paris summit.

A

No agreement on test-ban treaty.
America embarrassed it was shown to have lied.
Nothing resolved in Berlin and Cuba.

64
Q

What happened at Paris when Eisenhower refused to apologise?

A

Khrushchev walked out.

65
Q

3 reasons why Berlin Wall was built.

A
  1. Brain Drain
  2. To stop people seeing how good capitalism was.
  3. Berlin was an ideal place for US spies to gather intelligence.
66
Q

Why was West Berlin better than East Berlin?

A

Better housing, shops full of goods and relative freedom

67
Q

What was created after the Cuban middle crisis to improve communication?

A

Hotline from Washington to Moscow - avoided conflict and improved relations.

68
Q

What was the outcome of the summits to solve the Berlin problem?

A

Not successful, Berlin wall was built.

69
Q

Evaluate the building of the Berlin wall.

A

It was peaceful, avoided conflict.
However, was a bad look for the USSR - needed to build a wall to keep people in.

70
Q

How many people moved to west Germany between 1952 and 61?

A

3.5 million

71
Q

How many people were killed trying to cross the border?

A

Between 80 and 200.

72
Q

What was checkpoint charlie?

A

Where foreigners were allowed to travel from West to East Berlin.

History (27 decks)

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