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History > Cold War - 1964 -1985 > Flashcards

Cold War - 1964 -1985 Flashcards

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1
Q

When did Leonid Brezhnev come to power?

A

1964

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2
Q

What is Leonid Brezhnev like?

A

Conservative, ended cultural freedom that Khrushchev permitted, committed communist.

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3
Q

What is the Brezhnev Doctrine?

A

Responsibility of all communist states to stop anti-communist actions in communist countries.

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4
Q

Who is Alexander Dubcek?

A

Leader of Czech Communist party.

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5
Q

When did Alexander Dubcek come into power?

A

1968

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6
Q

What did Alexander Dubcek believe in?

A

Communism with a human face. - meaning people can speak out and live their lives without fear of the government.

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7
Q

What problems were there in Czechoslovakia when Dubcek came to power? (4)

A
  1. Economy declining (run for the benefit of the Soviets)
  2. No freedom of speech - censorship.
  3. Secret police used to maintain control.
  4. Czech government arrested any one considered to be a threat.
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8
Q

What are some examples of Dubcek’s reforms?

A

Relaxed government control.
Czech people given freedom to travel abroad.
Criticism of governments actions were allowed.

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9
Q

What happened on the 20th of August 1968?

A

500,000 Warsaw pact troops invaded Czechoslovakia.

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10
Q

What was the Czech individual’s response to the invasion?

A

Blocked roads and attacked tanks.

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11
Q

What happened to Dubcek?

A

Arrested and sent to Moscow to reverse reforms.

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11
Q

Who replaced Dubcek in 1969?

A

Gustav Husak - loyal to Moscow.

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12
Q

What happened in Czechoslovakia after the uprising?

A

Remained firmly under Soviet control for next 20 years.

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13
Q

Consequences of the Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia.

A
  1. Gave rise to the Brezhnev doctrine.
  2. Some communist countries began to move away from Moscow - Romanian President refused to send troops to the invasion.
  3. Sent message to Warsaw Pact members that USSR would suppress any attempt to relax communist control.
  4. West were outraged
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14
Q

What is Detente?

A

An attempt to improve relations between East and West in 1970’s as both sides wanted to reduce spending on the arms race.

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15
Q

What is SALT 1?

A

The Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty - attempts to limit the arms race (and spending on ICBM’s, SLBM’s and ABM’s)
It also included the Basic Principle’s agreement that lay down the rules for nuclear warfare.

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16
Q

When was SALT 1?

A

1972

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17
Q

What was the Anti-ballistic Missile treaty?

A

Stated ABM’s could only be allowed at 2 sites. Each site was allowed a maximum of 100 missiles.

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18
Q

What was the Interim treaty?

A

Placed restrictions on the number of ICBM’s and the SLBM’s the USSR and USA could have.

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19
Q

What did both countries agree to do as a whole in relation to the arm race?

A

Exercise restraint and make every effort to avoid the risk of war.

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20
Q

Why did the US want to limit spending?

A

War in Vietnam - led to 60,000 Americans being killed and billions of dollars spent.
Wanted to address social problems that led to race riots.

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21
Q

Why did the USSR want to limit spending?

A

Want to devote money to improving living standard.
Economy not developing.

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22
Q

What were the Helsinki Accords 1975?

A
  1. Europe borders
  2. Western and soviet controlled countries will try to reduce tensions between them.
  3. Respect human rights across Europe.
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23
Q

What did Brezhnev want from the Accords?

A

Recognition of existing European borders.
To boost the Soviet economy.

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24
Q

What did Nixon want from the accords?

A

An extension of human rights, which could undermine communist authority.

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25
Q

Why were Soviets concerned after the accords had been set?

A

They were worried organisations would be set up to monitor soviet policies in it’s satellite states.

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26
Q

What was SALT 2 and when did it happen?

A

To build on SALT 1, talks towards SALT 2 continued until 18th June 1979.

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27
Q

What were 2 agreements at SALT 2?

A

Restrictions on missile launchers and strategic bombers.
Ban on testing and deploying new types of ICBM.

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28
Q

What events during the late 1970’s led to the failure of SALT 2?

A

US politicians called for a stronger stance due to increase in soviet support in El Salvador and Nicaragua.
Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan.

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29
Q

What were 2 consequences of SALT 1?

A

Symbolic of improving relations - After signing SALT 1, Nixon visited Brezhnev in Moscow and in 1973, Brezhnev came to Washington.
Led to further improvements - Helsinki Accords and SALT 2.

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30
Q

What were the Helsinki Accords and when were they signed?

A

NATO and Warsaw Pact countries met to build on SALT 1 and make agreements in 3 areas. 1975.

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31
Q

How did Brezhnev view Dubcek’s reforms?

A

Saw them as a threat to Soviet control in Eastern Europe.

32
Q

What was the impact of the Prague springs on US/Soviet relations?

A

It outraged Western governments - Soviet Union knew that the USA might protest but would take little action to oppose Soviet control.

33
Q

Where is Afghanistan?

A

In the Middle East. Bordered by the Soviet Union, Pakistan and Iran.

34
Q

What happened in Afghanistan 1978-1980?

A

A pro-soviet government, led by Amin, took control in Afghanistan. The government became unpopular, and pro-muslim factions tried to overthrow the puppet leader.
In 1979, the USSR invaded.

35
Q

What was Carter’s response to the soviet invasion?

A

He said it was the biggest threat to world peace since the end of the Second World War and withdrew Salt 2.

36
Q

What was the Carter Doctrine?

A

After the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, Carter stated that the USA would repel (possibly by force) to any threat to American interests.

37
Q

What was the impact of the Afghan war on relations?

A

Became more confrontational, destroying detente. Economic sanctions imposed on the USSR by US.

38
Q

Why did the USA boycott the Moscow 1980 Olympics?

A

Due to the invasion of Afghanistan.

39
Q

What had the USSR hoped to do at the Olympics?

A

Promote communism.

40
Q

How many nations supported the boycott of the Moscow Olympics?

A

Over 60.

41
Q

Which Olympics did the USSR boycott and why?

A

1984, Los Angeles Olympics, in response to Moscow Olympics.

42
Q

How many countries boycotted USA Olympics?

A

15 communist countries.

43
Q

What and when was SDI?

A

1983, Strategic Defence Initiative. Invested heavily in putting weapons in space. To put economic pressure on the USSR. It was years away from being a reality but Reagan spoke presently about it, scaring USSR.

44
Q

What did “Star Wars” violate?

A

The terms of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty.

45
Q

What was the Reagan Doctrine?

A

He supported anti-communist governments and groups trying to overthrow communist governments.

46
Q

What did Reagan persuade congress to do in 1982?

A

Increase spending on arms. 13% more money was spent this year.

47
Q

What was the Second Cold War?

A

The deterioration of relations between USA and USSR after the invasion of Afghanistan, leading to a period of increased hostilities between the 2 nations.

48
Q

Between what period was Carter president?

A

1977-1981

49
Q

Between what period was Reagan president?

A

1981-1989

50
Q

What was the importance of the Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia?

A

Western powers outraged causing tension
Delayed the break down of Eastern European communism and avoided any direct confrontation from the West.
Sent a message to the Warsaw pact countries that the USSR would do anything to maintain their control.

51
Q

When was the Brezhnev Doctrine?

A

1968

52
Q

Importance of Brezhnev Doctrine.

A

Maintained the USSR control of Czechoslovakia by suppressing attempts of reform.
Declared the USSR’S right to intervene in Czechoslovakia with military force if necessary.

53
Q

Importance of Olympic boycotts.

A
  1. Worsened relations - damaged USSR chances of showcasing communism to the world.
  2. Clear co-operation was over.
54
Q

Consequences of Reagan’s “second cold war”

A

Short-term increase in tensions - Reagan tougher than Carter, described USSR as “evil empire”.
USSR could not compete with SDI.

55
Q

Importance of Reagan’s “second cold war”

A

Worsened relations between USA and USSR.
SDI broke from policy of limiting defence spending, clear relations were deteriorating

56
Q

What 2 things led to the formation of the Mujahadeen?

A
  1. It’s atheism was at odds with their Muslim faith.
  2. The government imprisoned, tortured and murdered many Muslim religious leaders.
57
Q

Who was the new communist government led by?

A

The new government was led by Nur Muhammad Taraki.

58
Q

When did the situation worsen?

A

When Amin came to power.

59
Q

Why did USSR want Amin out of government?

A

Thought he worked for the CIA.

60
Q

What happened to Amin?

A

Assassinated by USSR.

61
Q

Who replaced Amin?

A

Pro-Moscow leader, Babrak Karmal

62
Q

What is glasnost?

A

There should be more openness and less corruption in government. It would allow opposition to the government and give the people a better understanding of how the country was run.

63
Q

What is perestroika?

A

The Soviet state and economy should be reformed in order to include some of the practices that made capitalism successful.

64
Q

What did the INF Treaty 1987 eliminate?

A

Nuclear and ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with ranges of 500-5500km

65
Q

What were both USA and USSR allowed to do under the INF Treaty?

A

Inspect each other’s military installations

66
Q

Give one reason the INF Treaty was significant

A

It was the first treaty to reduce the number of nuclear missiles the superpowers possessed. It went further than SALT 1.

67
Q

Give two other examples of how Gorbachev attempted to reduce tension with USA

A

Signed various arms reduction agreements

Stopped Soviet interference in Eastern European satellite states such as Poland and Czechoslovakia

68
Q

What summit was INF treaty established?

A

Washington, December 1987

69
Q

What problems did the Soviet Union have in the early 1980?

A
  • Economic: During the Brezhnev era huge sums of money were spent on developing arms to keep pace with the USA. Investment in the USSR’s economy was low.
  • Low standards of living and lack of human rights, which led to unrest in Satellite states (Poland).
  • A run of short-lived leaders, leading to political instability
70
Q

When did Gorbachev come to power?

A

March 1985.

71
Q

What did Gorbachev do with the Brezhnev Doctrine?

A

The Brezhnev Doctrine would be dropped. The Soviet Union would no longer get involved in the domestic affairs of other countries.

72
Q

What limitations on Nuclear weapons were made 1985-1989?

A
  • INF (Intermediate-range Nuclear Force Treaty.
  • Malta summit in 1989 was officially seen as the end of the Cold War by both countries.
73
Q

Describe the Fall of the Berlin Wall.

A

The East German government announced that the border crossing to West Berlin would be opened. Thousands of East Berliners force their way through the border crossing. People on both sides of the Wall start to pull it down. East and West Germany are formally reunited in 1990.

74
Q

Why did the Warsaw Pact end?

A

As communist governments came under pressure in Eastern Europe it was impossible for the Warsaw Pact to survive. Military co-operation between the member states became impossible.

75
Q

When did the Warsaw Pact end?

A

July 1991.

76
Q

When did Gorbachev fall from power?

A

25th December 1991

77
Q

How did Gorbachev fall from power?

A

In 1991 the communist hardliners staged a coup against Gorbachev. 12 leaders of the other Soviet Socialist Republics took advantage of Gorbachev’s weakness and joined together in a commonwealth of independent states. Gorbachev resigned.

78
Q

Name 3 Satellite States that moved to end Soviet control in 1989-90. Describe how each country did this

A
  • Poland: Solidarity is legalised and wins a landslide victory in Polish elections.
  • Hungary: The government takes down the fence on the border with Austria. It promises a new democratic government with free elections.
  • Czechoslovakia: The velvet revolution overthrows the communist revolution. The anti-communist Vaclav Havel is elected president.

History (27 decks)

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