Mod 15,16,17 Flashcards
Classical Conditioning
Type of learning where stimulus gains power to cause a response because it predicts another stimulus that already produces the response
Learning
Org ament change in behavior due to experience
Touching stove and getting burned and not touching it again
Stimulus
Anything in the environment that one can respond to
The hot stove
Response
Any behavior or action
Jumping back from stove because you were surprised after you got burned
Behaviorism
View that psychology should restrict its efforts to studying observable behaviors
Only studying how people react
John Watson
Founder of behaviorism.
How people act and why
Cognition
All of the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, and remembering
Remembering your birthday
Unconditional stimulus
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that triggers a response automatically and reflexively
Being burned by stove
Unconditioned response
In classical conditioning, the automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus
Jumping back from the stove
Conditioned stimulus
In classical conditioning, a previous neural stimulus that has gained the power to produce a conditioned response
Answering a certain question after memorizing the answer easily
Acquisition
In classical conditioning the process ofo developing a learned response
Slowly remembering parts of the answer to the question from notecards
Extinction
In classical conditioning, the diminishing of a learned response
Forgetting the answer to the question after not being asked about it for a year
Spontaneous recovery
The reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response
Suddenly remembering the answer after the year
Ivan Pavlov
Learning theorist famous for the discovery of classical conditioning
Dog saliva
Generalization
A process in which organism produces the same response to two similar stimuli
Dogs responding to the bell and clang
Discrimination
A process in which an organism produces different responses to two similar stimuli
Dogs responding to clang but not bell
Rosalie rayner
Graduate student of John Watson co researcher for little Albert expirement
Kid learning to respond with fear to loud noises
John Garcia
Identified the taste aversion which classical conditioning was influenced by biological predispositions
That dogs salivaited sooner and sooner after learning what was going to happen
Robert rescorla
Developed theory that emphasized the importance of cognitive processes in classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
A type of learning in which the frequency of a behavior depends on the consequence that follows that behavior
Positive encourages the dolphin to repeat while punishment makes the dolphin scared
Edward Thorndike
Author of the law of effect, the principle that forms the basis of operant conditioning
B F Skinner
Developed the fundamental principles and techniques of operant conditioning
Reinforcement
Any consequence that increases the likelihood of a behaviour
Dolphin jumping then getting a fish, or pet , or not jumping and being ignored
Punishment
Any consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior
Ignoring the dolphin after it doesn’t jump
Positive reinforcement
In operant conditioning, anything that increases the likelihood of a behavior by following it with a desirable event of state
Giving the dolphin a smelt
Negative reinforcement
In operant conditioning, amything that increases the likelihood of a behavior by following it with the removal of an undesirable event or state
Spanking the dog for tearing the carpet
Primary reinforcement
Something that is naturally reinforcing such as food, warmth, and water
Giving the dolphin a herring for jumping.
Secondary reinforcement
Something that you have learned to value, such as money
The babysitter gets money
Shaping
Reinforcement of behaviors that are more and more similar to the one you want to occur.
Getting paid more and more for babysitting
Discrimination
The ability to distinguish between two comparison signals or stimuli
Dolphin responding to one signal by jumping and another by waving
Continuos reinforcement
In operant conditioning a schedule of reinforcement in which a reward follows every correct response
The dolphin getting a reward after every jump
Partial reinforcement schedule
In operant conditioning a schedule of reinforcement in which a reward follows only some correct responses
A dolphin gets a reward sometimes it jumps
Fixed interval schedule
In operant conditioning a partial reinforcement schedule that rewards only the first correct response after some defined period of time
Potty training
Variable interval schedule
In operant conditioning a partial reinforcement schedule that rewards the first correct response after an unpredictable amount of time
Putting away dishes
Fixed ration schedule
In operant conditioning rewards a response only after some defined number of correct responses
Learning notecards
Variable ratio schedule
In operant conditioning rewards an unpredictable number of correct responses
Putting laundry away
Latent learning
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until the learner has an incentive to demonstrate it
Math test
Cognitive map
A mental representation of a place
Remembering a place
Over justification effect
The effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do. The reward may replace the persons original and natural motivation, so that the behavior stops if the reward is eliminated.
Loving working with horses but only working to be paid
Observational learning
Learning by observing others
Dolphin learning by watching another dolphin
Model
The person observed in observational learning
The dolphin
Modeling
The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
The dolphin watching then jumping when the signal is given
Albert bandura
Major figure in study of observational learning and other important topics
Antisocial behavior
Negative, destructive, unhelpful behavior
Dolphin biting
Pro social behavior
Positive, constructive, helpful behaviors
Dolphin playing
