mla Presentations - A category Flashcards
conditions (letter A, with ddx, investigations etc)
Abdominal distension
-Definition: Abdominal swelling or enlargement beyond the normal size.
-Causes: Ascites, bowel obstruction, organ enlargement (e.g., liver, spleen), tumors, gas accumulation.
-Clinical Evaluation: History (onset, duration, associated symptoms), physical examination (abdominal palpation, percussion), imaging studies (ultrasound, CT scan).
- LFTS, kidney function tests
abdominal masses
-Definition: Palpable lump or swelling in the abdomen.
-Causes: Tumors (benign or malignant), enlarged organs (e.g., liver, spleen), abdominal hernias.
=Clinical Evaluation: Palpation (size, consistency, tenderness), imaging studies (ultrasound, CT scan, MRI), biopsy for definitive diagnosis
Abnormal Cervical Smear Result
-Definition: Detection of abnormal cells in a cervical smear (Pap smear).
-Causes: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, precancerous lesions, cervical cancer.
-Clinical Evaluation: Colposcopy, biopsy, HPV testing, further diagnostic tests based on findings.
Abnormal Development/Developmental Delay
-Definition: Failure to meet developmental milestones at expected ages.
-Causes: Genetic disorders, environmental factors, prenatal exposure to toxins, neurological conditions.
-Clinical Evaluation: Developmental screening tools (Denver Developmental Screening Test), comprehensive history (prenatal, perinatal, family history), neurological examination.
Abnormal Eating or Exercising Behavior
-Definition: Disordered eating patterns or excessive exercising impacting physical and mental health.
-Disorders: Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, orthorexia.
-Clinical Evaluation: Psychiatric assessment, nutritional assessment, physical examination, screening for medical complications.
Abnormal involutary movements
-Definition: Uncontrollable and involuntary movements of the body.
-Types: Tremors, dystonia, chorea, athetosis.
-Clinical Evaluation: Neurological examination, history (onset, progression), imaging studies (MRI, CT scan), blood tests (to rule out metabolic causes).
Abnormal urinalysis
-Definition: Presence of abnormal constituents in urine analysis.
-Abnormalities: Proteinuria, hematuria, pyuria, glycosuria.
-Clinical Evaluation: Repeated urinalysis, urine culture, imaging studies (ultrasound, CT scan), blood tests (renal function, electrolytes).
acute abdominal pain
-Definition: Sudden onset of severe abdominal discomfort.
-Causes: Appendicitis, cholecystitis, bowel obstruction, pancreatitis, perforated viscus.
-Clinical Evaluation: History (location, onset, aggravating/alleviating factors), physical examination (abdominal tenderness, guarding), imaging studies (CT scan, ultrasound).
Acute and Chronic Pain Management
Definition: Strategies for managing acute and chronic pain effectively.
Modalities: Pharmacotherapy (analgesics, adjuvant medications), physical therapy, interventional procedures, cognitive-behavioral therapy.
Clinical Evaluation: Comprehensive pain assessment, identification of underlying cause, development of individualized treatment plan.
Acute Change in or Loss of Vision
-Definition: Sudden onset of visual disturbances or loss of vision.
-Causes: Retinal detachment, acute angle-closure glaucoma, stroke affecting the visual cortex.
-Clinical Evaluation: Ophthalmologic examination, visual acuity testing, fundoscopy, imaging studies (MRI, CT scan).
acute joint pain
- Definition: Abrupt onset of pain in one or more joints.
-Causes: Gout, septic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, acute injury, autoimmune diseases.
-Clinical Evaluation: Joint examination (swelling, warmth, range of motion), imaging studies (X-ray, MRI), laboratory tests (CBC, inflammatory markers).
Acute Kidney Injury
-Definition: Sudden impairment of kidney function leading to accumulation of waste products and electrolyte imbalances.
-Causes: Prerenal (e.g., hypovolemia), intrarenal (e.g., acute tubular necrosis), postrenal (e.g., urinary obstruction).
-Clinical Evaluation: Serum creatinine, urine output monitoring, renal ultrasound, assessment for underlying cause.
acute rash
-Definition: Sudden onset of skin eruption.
-Causes: Allergic reactions, infections (viral, bacterial, fungal), drug reactions, autoimmune diseases.
-Clinical Evaluation: Skin examination (distribution, morphology), history (onset, associated symptoms), diagnostic tests (skin biopsy, cultures).
addiction
-Definition: Chronic relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive drug-seeking and use despite harmful consequences.
-: Substance addiction (e.g., opioids, alcohol), behavioral addiction (e.g., gambling, gaming).
-Clinical Evaluation: Comprehensive assessment (substance use history, psychiatric evaluation), screening tools (CAGE questionnaire, AUDIT), treatment planning (medication-assisted therapy, counseling).
Allergies
- Definition: Hypersensitivity reaction to certain substances (allergens).
-Types: Seasonal allergies (hay fever), food allergies, drug allergies, insect sting allergies.
-Clinical Evaluation: Allergy testing (skin prick test, blood test), history of exposure and reaction, avoidance strategies, allergy management plans.
