Mixed Qs 9 Flashcards
Iron absorption
Occurs in duodenum and proximal jejunum
Affected by gastrojejunostomy
Submucosal glands secreting alkaline secretions are
Submucosal Brunner glands located in the 1st part of the duodenum
V cholerae
G-ve comma shaped rod Oxidase +ve motile
Entertoxin causes severe watery diarrhoea
Thrives in alkaline medium
Reassortement
Aka genetic shift involves exchange of genomic segments
Only occurs in segmented viruses ( BOAR)
(bunyaviraus , othomyxovirus arenavirus and reovirus)
IL-2
Released by CD4, CD8 and Natureal killer cells
High dose IL-2 triggers proliferation of NK cells and increases their cytotoxic activity
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
Progressive resp dysfunction due to accumulation of surfactant debris in alveolar space.
Lipoproteinacious material PAS pink forming lamellar bodies
Surfactant produced by pneumocyte 2 and cleared by alveolar macrophages. Disturbance in balance causes disease
Meckels’ diverticulum
Failure of viteline duct obliteration
Presentation:- painless lower GI bleeding with anaemia
Ectopic gastric mucosa can cause ulceration of intestinal mucosa
SLE autoantibodies
Anti dsDNA
Anti Smith which is a snRNA ( small nuclear RNA) an essential part of spliceosomes which remove introns from mRNA to form mature RNA
Glucagon 2nd messenger
G protein coupled receptor using adenylate cyclist 2nd messenger
—> cAMP —-> protein kinase A
Along with TSH and PTH
Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency
Presentation:- lactic acidosis and neuro symptoms
Pyruvate —-X —-> acetyl coA
Supplement with lysine and leucine to avoid lactic acidosis accumulation
Bloody discharge nipple no mass no skin changes
Intraductal papilloma
Epithelial and myoepithelial cells lining fibrovascualr core in cysts wall or duct
Usually benign
AUG
Is the start codon
Initiates translation
If ther s is a mutation before then you cannot start translation
B thalassemia
Reduced beta globin chain synthesis
Resulting in
Hypochromic microcytics cells
Embryo formation of the uterus
Paramesoneprhic —> uterus, fallopian tubes,CX and upper vagina
Paramesonephric duct fuse laterally for form uterus
And vertically to form urogenital sinus
Ubiquination
Protein that undergoes attachement to other proteins and gets labeled for degradation by proteasomes.
Failure of this step is seen in Parkinson’s , Alzheimer’s with accumulation of misfolded proteins
Hormones and menustral cycle
Gradual rise of FSH growing follicle in follicular phase
LH signals ovulation and start of lueteal phase —> both go back to base line
Oestrogen gradual increase in proliferative phase
Spike just before ovulation to signal to GnRh to release LH
Progesterone increase in secretory phase until menustration happens both decrease
Ovulation can be triggered by hCG
Nitroglycerin
Venodilators
Increase peripheral venous capicitance
Decrease preload
Decrease LVEDP
High dose —> arteriolar dilation and decrease systemic vascular resistance
Viral myocarditis complication
Causes dilated cardiomyopathy
Pancarditis
Complication of acute rheumatic fever
Leading to new
MR
Aschoff body is pathognomic —‘interstitial myocardial granuoloma’
Why does appendicitis pain move
Initial pain at umbilicus is 2o afterent fibres entering spinal cord at T10
Later pain is RLQ 2o irritation of the parietal peritonuem
Intercostal brachial nerve
Can be Injured during a ill army LN dissection
Presentation:- burning, diminished sensation medial upper arm purely sensory dysfunction
The others cause motor deficit
Intercostal brachial nerve
Can be Injured during a ill army LN dissection
Presentation:- burning, diminished sensation medial upper arm purely sensory dysfunction
The others cause motor deficit
Ribosomes
Large complex contain protein and RNA found freely floating in endoplasmic reticulum
Synthesized in nucleolus
Ribosomal RNA is transcribed in nucleolus
CMV commonest congenital eye complication
CMV chorioretinitis