Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

LopsNotes > Micro > Flashcards

Micro Flashcards

1
Q

Corynebacterium diphtheria?

A

G+ve Bacilli, aerobic
Appearance:- club shaped metachromatic ( red and blue) granules on Loffler media
Transmission:- resp droplets
Virulence:- Exotoxin Beta propophage which inhibits protein synthesis via ADP ribolysation of EF2 causing necrosis
Causes:pseudomembranous pharyngitis, LN, myocarditis
Mgx:- diphtheria antitoxin, erythromycin +/- penicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Listeria monocytogenes?

A

G+ve bacilli, anaerobic, intracellular
Transmission :- unpasterurised milk, vaginal transmission, ttansplacental, deli meats
Appearance:- rocket (red) tails, motile
Exotoxin:- listeriolycin causes pores in phagosomes allowing escape
Causes:- amnionitis, spontaneous abortion, meningitis in immunocompromised, ltd gastroenteritis in health
Mgx:- ampicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Nocardia?

A

G+ve branching filament
Catalase +ve
Appears:- resembles fungi
Transmission:- found in soil
Causes:- pulmonary infection in immunocompromised
Mgx:- sulfonamides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Actinomyces?

A

G+ve branching filaments
Catalase -ve
Appears:- looks like fungi
Transmission:- normal oral, reproductive flora
Causes:- dental abscess, PID with IUD
Mgx :- penicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Mycobacteria?

A

Acid fast rods on Ziehl Nielsen (pink long rods)
Transmission:-1o close contact with pt infected with TB, or reactivation
Virulence:- cord factor ( serpentine cord) activates macrophages promoting granulation and release of TNF alpha
Causes :- 1o TB , 2o TB milliary TB
Mgx:- drug resistant —> use multi drug regimen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Mycobacterium leprae?

A

G+ve rods prefer cool temps (skin peripheries glove and stocking)
Transmission: armadillos
Causes:- lepromatous leprosy:- high TH2, low cell mediated immunity, lion face v contagious
Tuberculoid leprosy:- high TH1, high cell medicated immunity, low bacterial loaded, hypopigmented hairless skin plaques
Mgx:- lepromatous :- clofazimine
Tuberculoid:- rifampin + dapsone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Neisseria meningitides?

A

G-ve diplococci
Can breakdown maltose and glucose
Virulence:- Lipoolygosaccharide capsule, IgA protease
Transmission:- resp droplets
Causes :- menigiococcaemia, petechia haemorrhage and gangrene of toes, Friedrichs Waterhouse syndrome ( haemorrhage cause adrenal insufficiency
Mgx:- Ceftriaxone/ penicillin G
Prophylaxis:- rifampin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

neiserria gonnorrhoea ?

A

G-ve diplococci
Brake down glucose
No polysaccharide capsule
Transmission:- STI, perinatally
Causes:- gonorrhoea, neonatal conjunctivitis, septic arthritis
Mgx:- ceftriaxone single IM does
Prophylaxis:- safe sex, erythromycin ointment babies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Haemophillus influenzae?

A

G-ve coco bacillus
Chocolate agar
Virulence:- phosphoribosylribotol phosphate capsule , produces IgA protease Transmission
Transmission:- resp droplets Exotoxin Beta
Causes:- epiglottis in children, MOPS
Mgx:- amoxicillin +/- clavulanate
Prophylaxis:- rifampin close contacts
Vaccine :- contains type b capsular polysaccahride polyribosylriobotl phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Bortadella pertussis?

A

G-ve aerobic coco bacillus
Virulence factor:- pertussis toxin ( disables Gi protein 2nd messenger —> inc CAMP) + tracheal cytotoxic
Causes:- flu like illness, barking cough post tussive emesis, chronic cough slow recovery
Mgx:- macrolides
Vaccine:- DTAP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

leigonella pneumophilia?

A

G-ve rod ( poor gram staining)
Stains with silver
Grows on charcoal yeast extract with silver and cysteine
Transmission:- contaminated A/c
Causes:- legionnaire’s disease :- GI symptoms with symptoms of pneumonia , hyponatraemia
Diagnosis :- urine Ag
Mgx:- macrolide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

G-ve bacilli, aerobic, non lactose fermenting, oxidase +ve , catalase+ve , increased virulence in acidic environment
Appears:- green pigment
Virulence:- mucopolysaccharide capsule, Phospholipase C , Endotoxin, Exotoxin A
Causes:- pneumonia, UTI, ecthyma gangrenoum , sepsis osteomyelitis , folliculitis
@risk groups:- diabetics, impatient, drug users

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Salmonella typhi?

A

G-ve bacilli/rods non lactose fermenting, oxidase -ve, produces H2S
Virulence:- invasion of M cells on Meyer patches, flagella can swim Vi capsule (tyVi) endotoxin
Transmission:- haematogenous
Causes:- constipation followed by non bloody diarrhoea , typhoid fever , monocyte infiltration
Vaccine :- oral vaccine—-> attenuated salmonella typhi, IM vaccine Vi capsular saccharide
Carrier:- in gallbladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Shigella:-

A

G-ve rod non lactose fermenting, oxidase -ve does not produce H2S,
Virulence:- shiga toxin, invasion of M cells on Peyers patch infection dose low
Transmission :- cell to cell
Causes :- bloody diarrhoea neutrophil infiltration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

G-ve lactose -ve oxidase +ve rod
Causes UTI in pts with indwelling urinary catheters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Bortadella pertussis?

A

G-ve cocobacillus
Affects unvaccinated
Non invasive secretes exotoxins that damage ciliated resp epithelium.
Symptoms mild cough, rhinorrhoea, barking cough, posttussive emesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum?

A

Dimorphic fungus, small ovoid year
Encapsulated in macrophage and spreads thoughout the lymphatic and reticuloendothelial system
Causes:- ltd pulmonary infection in healthy
In immunocompromised hepatospleenomegaly, lymphadenopathy and pancytopenia
Ulcerated tongue characteristic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

HPV associations?

A

HPV 16 and 18 assoc with Cx Ca
Penile and anal Ca
Presence of HIV increases risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hepatitis D virus

A

RNA virus - circular single strand
It’s replication defective as it needs to be coated by HBsAg to be able to penetrate the hepatocyte

Infection is either co-infection with Hep B or superinfection of chronic Hep B carrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Quick onset food poisoning

A

Staph aureus ( commonest cause) also B cereus
Food:- eggs, dairy and mayo based salads
Mediated by :- preformed enterotoxin ingested
Symptoms :- vomiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Staph aureus virulence factor

A

Protein A which bind to the Fc portion of IgG inhibiting complement activation and phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Giardia lamblia

A

Symptoms:- (think lactose intolerance) bloating, flatulence, foul smelling non bloody fatty diarrhoea
Transmission :- cysts in water
Diagnosis:-, multinucleated trophozite, cysts in stool, PCR Ag detection
Treatment:-tinidazole, metronidazole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Entamoeba histolytica

A

Causes ameobiasis
Bloody diarrhoea, RUQ pain, liver abscess with anchovy paste exudate
Transmission:- cysts in water
Diagnosis: PCR, Ag detection, trophozite with RBC in its cytoplasm, cysts with <4 nuclei in stool
Mgx:- metronidazole , parmomycin for carriers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cryptosporidium

A

Severe diarrhoea in AIDS
Transmission:- oocysts in water
Diagnosis:- oocysts in acid fast stain, Ag, PCR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Toxoplasma Gondii
Causes:- immunocompromised —> mononucleosis like symptoms AIDS —> Multiple brain abscess ring enhancing leisons on MRI Congenial toxoplasmosis——-> triad hydrocephalus, intracranial calcification and chorioretinitis Transmission:- cyst in meat, oocysts in cat faeces cross the placenta Diagnosis:- serology, biopsy (tachzoite) Mgx:- sulfadizine +/- pyrmethamine
26
Naegleria fowleri
Transmission:- warm fresh water - amoebas enter CNS through olfactory nerve via cribiform plate Causes:- rapidly fatal meningioencephalitis Diagnosis:- amoeba in CSF Mgx:- amphotericin B may help
27
Trypanosoma Brucei
Transmission:- Tsetse fly bite Causes:- African sleeping sickness—-> lymphadenopathy, recurring fever, somnolence, coma Diagnosis:- trypomastigote in bld smear Mgx:- suramin for blood, melasoprol for CNS penetration
28
Plasmodium
P malariae:- 72 hr fever cycle —> trophozite ring in RBC P ovale/vivax:- 48 hr fever cycle —-> dormant (hypnozoite form) in liver —-> trophozites with stippling in RBC cytoplasmic —> give primaquine to target hypnozoites P falciparum:- variable fever cycle—-> parasitized RBC can occlude brain (cerebral malaria) liver, lungs —> trophozite with head phone ring , crescent gametocytes Diagnosis:- peripheral bld smear Mgx:- chloroquine if resistant mefloquine / doxycycline
29
Babesiosis
Transmission:- tick Causes:- fever, haemolytic Anaemia, in NE and NCentral USA, asplenia increase risk of severe disease Diagnosis:- ring form or Maltese cross on bld smear Mgx:- atovaquone + azithromycin
30
Trypanosoma cruzi
Transmission:- triatomine (kissing insect) bites around mouth and eye -faecal transmission into bite. In S America Causes: - Chagas’ disease —: dilated cardiomyopathy, megacolon, megaoesophagus, perioribital swelling early sign Diagnosis:- trypomasgtigote in bld smear Mgx:- Benznidalzole
31
Leishmania
Transmission: - sandfly Causes:- cutaneous :- ulcers Visceral:- fever, hepatospleenomegally, pancytopenia Diagnosis:- macrophages containing amastigotes Mgx:- amphotericn B
32
Trichomonas vaginalis
Transmission:- sexual Causes:- vaginitis - foul smelling greenish discharge itching and burning, punctuate Cx haemorrhage ( strawberry Cx) Diagnosis:- motile trophozite on wet mount Mgx:- metronidazole for pt and partner
33
Enterobius vermicularis
Transmission:- faeco-oral Causes:- anal pruritis esp at night children 5-10 Diagnosis:- eggs visualized by tape test Mgx:- bendazoles
34
Ascaris lumbricoides
Transmission:- faeco-oral Causes:- biliary obstruction, ileocaecal valve obstruction, intestinal perforation —> migrate to alveoli —> loffler syndrome ( pulmonary eosinophilia) Diagnosis:- knobby oval eggs in faeces Mgx:- bendazole
35
Trichinella Spiralis
Transmission:- undercooked meat Causes:- myositis , trichinosis:- fever, myalgia, vomiting periorbital oedema Mgx :- bendazole
36
Trichuris Trichuria
Transmission:- faeco-oral Causes:- asymptomatic, loose stools ,rectal prolapse children Mgx:- bendazole
37
Toxacara Canis
Transmission:- faeco-oral Causes:- visceral larva migrans —-> migrates into bld, carditis, seizure , inflammation of liver and eye ( visual impairment ) Mgx:- bendazole
38
Strongyloides stercoralis
Thread worm Transmission:- larvae in soil penetrate skin Causes:- Gi symptoms ( duodenitis) pulmonary symptoms ( dry cough, haemoptysis) and pruritis Diagnosis:- rhabiditiform larvae in faeces Carrier:- Yes Mgx:- ivermectin
39
Ancylostoma and Necator
Hookworms Transmision:- walking barefoot - larvae penetrate skin Causes:- microcytic anaemia from worm sucking blood from intestinal wall Cutnaneaous larva migrans:- pruritic serpiginous rash Mgx:- bendazole
40
Onchocerca volvulus
Transmission:- black fly Causes:- river blindness , black nodules Mgx:- ivermectin
41
Loa Loa
Transmission:- deer, horse, mango fly Causes:- worm in the conjuctiva, swelling in skin Mgx:- diethycarbamezine
42
Wuchereia Bancrofti
Transmission:- female mosquito Causes:- lymphatic filariasis ( elephantiasis) 9/12- 12/12 after bite —> worm invade KN causing lymphaedema Mgx:- diethycarbamezine
43
Taenia Solium
Intestinal tape worm / pork tapeworm Transmission: - ingestion of eggs in contaminated food Causes:- seizures, neurocycticercosis —> CNS leisons, round cysts or calcified nodules on imaging ( occurs when humans eat T solium eggs in contaminated food or water) Treatment:- praziquantel
44
Diphyllobothrium Latum
Transmission:- ingestion of larvae in freshwater fish Causes:- macrocyctic anaemia —? Competes with Vitamin B12 Mgx:- praziquantel
45
Echinococcus granulsus
Transmission:- ingestion of eggs in food contaminated with dog faeces Causes:- hydatid cysts in liver and lung —> if rupture can cause anaphylaxis Mgx:- Albendazole
46
Schistosoma
Transmission:- snails in conataminated freshwater Schistosoma Mansoni and japonicum —> diarrhoea illness abdo pain iron def anaemia Schistosoma haematobium:- Sq cell carcinoma of the bladder —> painless haematuria Mgx:- praziquantel
47
Chlonorchis sinesis
Transmission:- undercooked fish Causes:- biliary tract inflammation, cholangiocarcinoma Mgx--> praziquantel
48
Yersinia Pestis
G-ve bacilli, oxidase -ve , no H2 production Exhibits bipolar staining (resembles safety pin) Transmission:- rodents Causes:- bubonic plague—> fever, headache, painful swollen erythematous LNs ( buboes)
49
Neisseria Meningitidis
G-ve diplococci, aerobic, ferments maltose and glucose Virulence:-
50
Pediculus humanus capitus
Head lice Transmission is directly Diagnosis:- inspection of egg attached to hair shaft Mgx:- permethrin
51
Tinea corporis (Dermatophyte infections)
Tinea corporis, Tinea pedis, Tinea Cruris Infection keratinised matter but don’t invade the dermis or subcutaneous tissue (i.e ltd to keratinised structures)
52
Corynebacterium Diphtheria
G+ve rods non motile Stains with aniline dyes ( methylene blue) Virulence:- AB exotoxin inhibits cell protein synthesis by catalysing ADP ribosylation of hot cell elongation factor -2 Transmission:- resp droplets Complications:- myocarditis, neurotoxin
53
Pox virus
Enveloped DsDNA virus linear ( large virus) Replicated in cytoplasm No icosahedral Eradicated by live attenuated vaccine Causes:-milkmaid blisters, Molluscum contagiosum
54
Hepadna virus
Enveloped DsDNA virus, circular Replicates in nucleus Isocahedral capsule Causes:- HBV
55
Herpes virus
Enveloped dsDNA linear virus Replicates in cytoplasm Isocahedral capsule Family members :- HSV, EBV, CMV, VZV HHV
56
Adenovirus
Naked dsDNA linear virus Isocahedral capsule Replicated in nucleus Causes:- pharyngitis, conjunctivitis, pneumonia, gastroenteritis, myocarditis
57
Papillomavirus
Naked dsDNA circular Isocahederal capsule Replicate in nucleus Causes:- HPV —> warts, penile, Anal, Cx , oropharygeal cancer
58
Polyomavirus
Naked dsDNA circular Isocahedral capsule Replicate in nucleus Causes:- JC virus:- progressive multimodal leukoencephalopathy in immunocompromised BK virus:- transplant pts, targets kidneys
59
Parvovirus
Naked, ssDNA linear (smallest dna virus) Replicated in nucleus Isocahedral capsule Causes: - B19 aplastic crises in sickle cell disease, slapped cheek in children, hydros fetalis
60
Naked Halle’s Pico de galleo is Really Positively Crunchy
Naked +ve RNA viruses Hepevirus (HEV) Picornavirus (PERCH) Reovirus (Rota) Calciviruses (Noro)
61
Have Helpful Protection
Enveloped DNA virus Herpesvirus Hepdna virus Poxvirus
62
You get Naked for a PAPP smear
Naked DNA viruses Papilloma virus Adenovirus Polyomavirus Parvovirus
63
Run TO Flavs Corona Envelope Party
Enveloped +ve RNA Retrovirus Togavirus Flavivirus Coronavirus
64
BAD People Run From Officers
-ve RNA enveloped Bunyavirus Arenavirus Delta virus (HDV) Paramyxovirus Rhabdovirus Filovirus Orthomyxovirus
65
Reovirus
Naked +ve dsRNA segmented virus Isocahedral capsule Replicate in cytoplasm Causes:- rotavirus
66
Picornavirus
Naked +ve ssRNA linear Isocahedral capsule Replicates in cytoplasm Causes: (PERCH) Poliovirus Echovirus ( aseptic meningitis) Rhinovirus Coxasckie virus (hand foot and mouth) HAV
67
Hepevirus
Naked +ssRNA linear Isocahedral capsule Replicate in cytoplasm Causes HEV
68
Calcivirus
Naked +ssRNA linear Isocahedral capsule Replicates in cytoplasm Causes:-norovirus
69
Flavivirus
Enveloped +ssRNA, linear Isocahedral capsule Replicate in cytoplasm Causes :- HCV Yellow fever West Nile Dengue Zika
70
Togavirus
Enveloped +ssRNA linear Isocahedral capsule Replicates in cytoplasm Causes:- Rubella (matonavirus)
71
Retrovirus
enveloped +ssRNA linear Isocahedral capsule Replicate in nucleus Has reverse transcriptase inhibitor Causes:- HIV, HTLV - T cell leukaemia
72
Coronavirus
Enveloped +ss RNA linear NO Isocahedral capsule Replicates in cytoplasm Causes cold, SARS , COVID 19
73
Paramyxovirus
Enveloped -ve ssRNA linear Helical capsule Replicates in cytoplasm Causes:- parainfluenza (croup) RSV Measles, mumps
74
Orthomyxovirus
Enveloped -ve ssRNA linear Helical capsule Segmented
75
Actinomyces
G+ve branching filamentous bacteria Transmission:- introduced to submucosa during mechanical trauma ( tooth extraction) Causes:- slowly growing, non painful, chronic mandibular mass evolves into multiple abscess and sinus tract Yellow orange sulfur granules
76
Ascaris lumbricoides
Roundworm Common in Asia, Africa S. America Transmission:- eggs ingested via contaminated food/water Eggs hatch to larvae, penetrate intestinal wall and migrate to alveoli —> Loffeler syndrome ( cough, wheeze, SOB)
77
EBV testing
Infects B cells stimulating them to proliferate continuously -immortalisation and heterophile antibody production Heterophile antibody test is sensitive and highly specific for EBV —> diagnosis in Vivo infection
78
Coccidioides Immitis
Dimorphic fungi Endemic to US and Mexico Appearance:- thick walled spherules packed with endospores larger than RBC Causes:- pulmonary disease
79
Molluscum contagiousum
Caused by pox virus Small firm shiny rounded papules with central indentation Biopsy:- intracytoplasmic eosinophils inclusion bodies
80
Pasturella multocida
G-ve cocobacilli ( mouse like odour) Exposure:- dog or cat bite N part of upper resp tract flora in animals Presentation:- within 24 hrs of bite , cellulitis symptoms and signs
81
Listeria monocytogenes
G+ve rod faculatative intracellular Tumbling, motile, rocket tails Virulence:- listeriolycin O ( enzyme that creates pores in phagosomes) Transmission:- dairy and cold deli meats, placental transmission Presentation:- febrile gastroenteritis, spontaneous abortion, meningitis in immunocompromised
82
Enterococcus
G+ve cocci catalase -ve Gamma haemolytic (no haemolysis) PYR +ve Grows in bile and 6.5% NaCl Causes:- UTI, cholecystitis, subacute endocarditis Commonly cause infections after cystoscopy, colonoscopy or ob procedures
83
Scarlet fever
Cause: Group A streptococcus producing exotoxin presentation:- follows pharyngitis. Maculopapular Rash, sand paper like. Cheeks are flushed pallour around mouth. Followed by desquamation. Strawberry tongue Complications:- rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis Mgx:- penicillin V will prevent rheumatic fever but not GN
84
Bacteria with low infectious dose
Shigella Shiga toxin E.Coli Yersinia pestis Giardia Campylobacter jejuni
85
Strep pyrogenes virulence
M protein shares structure characteristics with tropoMyosin and Myosin Prevents phagocytosis
86
Viridans streptococci
G+ve cocci Alpha haemolysis Optochin resistant not bile soluble Produce dextran from sucrose Normal in mouth Cause:- dental caries, endocarditis
87
Common pathogens causing nosocomial blood stream infection
Coag negative staph Staph aureus Enterococci Candida Cause increased in numbers is intravasulcal catheters
88
Cryptosporidium parfumerie
Faeco-orally transmitted protozoa Acid fast oocytes in stool Causes water diarrhoea in immunocompromised

LopsNotes (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions