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LopsNotes > Micro > Flashcards

Micro Flashcards

1
Q

Corynebacterium diphtheria?

A

G+ve Bacilli, aerobic
Appearance:- club shaped metachromatic ( red and blue) granules on Loffler media
Transmission:- resp droplets
Virulence:- Exotoxin Beta propophage which inhibits protein synthesis via ADP ribolysation of EF2 causing necrosis
Causes:pseudomembranous pharyngitis, LN, myocarditis
Mgx:- diphtheria antitoxin, erythromycin +/- penicillin

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2
Q

Listeria monocytogenes?

A

G+ve bacilli, anaerobic, intracellular
Transmission :- unpasterurised milk, vaginal transmission, ttansplacental, deli meats
Appearance:- rocket (red) tails, motile
Exotoxin:- listeriolycin causes pores in phagosomes allowing escape
Causes:- amnionitis, spontaneous abortion, meningitis in immunocompromised, ltd gastroenteritis in health
Mgx:- ampicillin

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3
Q

Nocardia?

A

G+ve branching filament
Catalase +ve
Appears:- resembles fungi
Transmission:- found in soil
Causes:- pulmonary infection in immunocompromised
Mgx:- sulfonamides

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4
Q

Actinomyces?

A

G+ve branching filaments
Catalase -ve
Appears:- looks like fungi
Transmission:- normal oral, reproductive flora
Causes:- dental abscess, PID with IUD
Mgx :- penicillin

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5
Q

Mycobacteria?

A

Acid fast rods on Ziehl Nielsen (pink long rods)
Transmission:-1o close contact with pt infected with TB, or reactivation
Virulence:- cord factor ( serpentine cord) activates macrophages promoting granulation and release of TNF alpha
Causes :- 1o TB , 2o TB milliary TB
Mgx:- drug resistant —> use multi drug regimen

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6
Q

Mycobacterium leprae?

A

G+ve rods prefer cool temps (skin peripheries glove and stocking)
Transmission: armadillos
Causes:- lepromatous leprosy:- high TH2, low cell mediated immunity, lion face v contagious
Tuberculoid leprosy:- high TH1, high cell medicated immunity, low bacterial loaded, hypopigmented hairless skin plaques
Mgx:- lepromatous :- clofazimine
Tuberculoid:- rifampin + dapsone

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7
Q

Neisseria meningitides?

A

G-ve diplococci
Can breakdown maltose and glucose
Virulence:- Lipoolygosaccharide capsule, IgA protease
Transmission:- resp droplets
Causes :- menigiococcaemia, petechia haemorrhage and gangrene of toes, Friedrichs Waterhouse syndrome ( haemorrhage cause adrenal insufficiency
Mgx:- Ceftriaxone/ penicillin G
Prophylaxis:- rifampin

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8
Q

neiserria gonnorrhoea ?

A

G-ve diplococci
Brake down glucose
No polysaccharide capsule
Transmission:- STI, perinatally
Causes:- gonorrhoea, neonatal conjunctivitis, septic arthritis
Mgx:- ceftriaxone single IM does
Prophylaxis:- safe sex, erythromycin ointment babies

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9
Q

Haemophillus influenzae?

A

G-ve coco bacillus
Chocolate agar
Virulence:- phosphoribosylribotol phosphate capsule , produces IgA protease Transmission
Transmission:- resp droplets Exotoxin Beta
Causes:- epiglottis in children, MOPS
Mgx:- amoxicillin +/- clavulanate
Prophylaxis:- rifampin close contacts
Vaccine :- contains type b capsular polysaccahride polyribosylriobotl phosphate

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10
Q

Bortadella pertussis?

A

G-ve aerobic coco bacillus
Virulence factor:- pertussis toxin ( disables Gi protein 2nd messenger —> inc CAMP) + tracheal cytotoxic
Causes:- flu like illness, barking cough post tussive emesis, chronic cough slow recovery
Mgx:- macrolides
Vaccine:- DTAP

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11
Q

leigonella pneumophilia?

A

G-ve rod ( poor gram staining)
Stains with silver
Grows on charcoal yeast extract with silver and cysteine
Transmission:- contaminated A/c
Causes:- legionnaire’s disease :- GI symptoms with symptoms of pneumonia , hyponatraemia
Diagnosis :- urine Ag
Mgx:- macrolide

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12
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

G-ve bacilli, aerobic, non lactose fermenting, oxidase +ve , catalase+ve , increased virulence in acidic environment
Appears:- green pigment
Virulence:- mucopolysaccharide capsule, Phospholipase C , Endotoxin, Exotoxin A
Causes:- pneumonia, UTI, ecthyma gangrenoum , sepsis osteomyelitis , folliculitis
@risk groups:- diabetics, impatient, drug users

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13
Q

Salmonella typhi?

A

G-ve bacilli/rods non lactose fermenting, oxidase -ve, produces H2S
Virulence:- invasion of M cells on Meyer patches, flagella can swim Vi capsule (tyVi) endotoxin
Transmission:- haematogenous
Causes:- constipation followed by non bloody diarrhoea , typhoid fever , monocyte infiltration
Vaccine :- oral vaccine—-> attenuated salmonella typhi, IM vaccine Vi capsular saccharide
Carrier:- in gallbladder

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14
Q

Shigella:-

A

G-ve rod non lactose fermenting, oxidase -ve does not produce H2S,
Virulence:- shiga toxin, invasion of M cells on Peyers patch infection dose low
Transmission :- cell to cell
Causes :- bloody diarrhoea neutrophil infiltration

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15
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

G-ve lactose -ve oxidase +ve rod
Causes UTI in pts with indwelling urinary catheters

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16
Q

Bortadella pertussis?

A

G-ve cocobacillus
Affects unvaccinated
Non invasive secretes exotoxins that damage ciliated resp epithelium.
Symptoms mild cough, rhinorrhoea, barking cough, posttussive emesis

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17
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum?

A

Dimorphic fungus, small ovoid year
Encapsulated in macrophage and spreads thoughout the lymphatic and reticuloendothelial system
Causes:- ltd pulmonary infection in healthy
In immunocompromised hepatospleenomegaly, lymphadenopathy and pancytopenia
Ulcerated tongue characteristic

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18
Q

HPV associations?

A

HPV 16 and 18 assoc with Cx Ca
Penile and anal Ca
Presence of HIV increases risk

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19
Q

Hepatitis D virus

A

RNA virus - circular single strand
It’s replication defective as it needs to be coated by HBsAg to be able to penetrate the hepatocyte

Infection is either co-infection with Hep B or superinfection of chronic Hep B carrier

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20
Q

Quick onset food poisoning

A

Staph aureus ( commonest cause) also B cereus
Food:- eggs, dairy and mayo based salads
Mediated by :- preformed enterotoxin ingested
Symptoms :- vomiting

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21
Q

Staph aureus virulence factor

A

Protein A which bind to the Fc portion of IgG inhibiting complement activation and phagocytosis

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22
Q

Giardia lamblia

A

Symptoms:- (think lactose intolerance) bloating, flatulence, foul smelling non bloody fatty diarrhoea
Transmission :- cysts in water
Diagnosis:-, multinucleated trophozite, cysts in stool, PCR Ag detection
Treatment:-tinidazole, metronidazole

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23
Q

Entamoeba histolytica

A

Causes ameobiasis
Bloody diarrhoea, RUQ pain, liver abscess with anchovy paste exudate
Transmission:- cysts in water
Diagnosis: PCR, Ag detection, trophozite with RBC in its cytoplasm, cysts with <4 nuclei in stool
Mgx:- metronidazole , parmomycin for carriers

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24
Q

Cryptosporidium

A

Severe diarrhoea in AIDS
Transmission:- oocysts in water
Diagnosis:- oocysts in acid fast stain, Ag, PCR

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25
Q

Toxoplasma Gondii

A

Causes:- immunocompromised —> mononucleosis like symptoms
AIDS —> Multiple brain abscess ring enhancing leisons on MRI
Congenial toxoplasmosis——-> triad hydrocephalus, intracranial calcification and chorioretinitis
Transmission:- cyst in meat, oocysts in cat faeces cross the placenta
Diagnosis:- serology, biopsy (tachzoite)
Mgx:- sulfadizine +/- pyrmethamine

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26
Q

Naegleria fowleri

A

Transmission:- warm fresh water - amoebas enter CNS through olfactory nerve via cribiform plate
Causes:- rapidly fatal meningioencephalitis
Diagnosis:- amoeba in CSF
Mgx:- amphotericin B may help

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27
Q

Trypanosoma Brucei

A

Transmission:- Tsetse fly bite
Causes:- African sleeping sickness—-> lymphadenopathy, recurring fever, somnolence, coma
Diagnosis:- trypomastigote in bld smear
Mgx:- suramin for blood, melasoprol for CNS penetration

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28
Q

Plasmodium

A

P malariae:- 72 hr fever cycle —> trophozite ring in RBC
P ovale/vivax:- 48 hr fever cycle —-> dormant (hypnozoite form) in liver —-> trophozites with stippling in RBC cytoplasmic —> give primaquine to target hypnozoites
P falciparum:- variable fever cycle—-> parasitized RBC can occlude brain (cerebral malaria) liver, lungs —> trophozite with head phone ring , crescent gametocytes
Diagnosis:- peripheral bld smear
Mgx:- chloroquine if resistant mefloquine / doxycycline

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29
Q

Babesiosis

A

Transmission:- tick
Causes:- fever, haemolytic Anaemia, in NE and NCentral USA, asplenia increase risk of severe disease
Diagnosis:- ring form or Maltese cross on bld smear
Mgx:- atovaquone + azithromycin

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30
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi

A

Transmission:- triatomine (kissing insect) bites around mouth and eye -faecal transmission into bite. In S America
Causes: - Chagas’ disease —: dilated cardiomyopathy, megacolon, megaoesophagus, perioribital swelling early sign
Diagnosis:- trypomasgtigote in bld smear
Mgx:- Benznidalzole

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31
Q

Leishmania

A

Transmission: - sandfly
Causes:- cutaneous :- ulcers
Visceral:- fever, hepatospleenomegally, pancytopenia
Diagnosis:- macrophages containing amastigotes
Mgx:- amphotericn B

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32
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

A

Transmission:- sexual
Causes:- vaginitis - foul smelling greenish discharge itching and burning, punctuate Cx haemorrhage ( strawberry Cx)
Diagnosis:- motile trophozite on wet mount
Mgx:- metronidazole for pt and partner

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33
Q

Enterobius vermicularis

A

Transmission:- faeco-oral
Causes:- anal pruritis esp at night children 5-10
Diagnosis:- eggs visualized by tape test
Mgx:- bendazoles

34
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Transmission:- faeco-oral
Causes:- biliary obstruction, ileocaecal valve obstruction, intestinal perforation —> migrate to alveoli —> loffler syndrome ( pulmonary eosinophilia)
Diagnosis:- knobby oval eggs in faeces
Mgx:- bendazole

35
Q

Trichinella Spiralis

A

Transmission:- undercooked meat
Causes:- myositis , trichinosis:- fever, myalgia, vomiting periorbital oedema
Mgx :- bendazole

36
Q

Trichuris Trichuria

A

Transmission:- faeco-oral
Causes:- asymptomatic, loose stools ,rectal prolapse children
Mgx:- bendazole

37
Q

Toxacara Canis

A

Transmission:- faeco-oral
Causes:- visceral larva migrans —-> migrates into bld, carditis, seizure , inflammation of liver and eye ( visual impairment )
Mgx:- bendazole

38
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis

A

Thread worm
Transmission:- larvae in soil penetrate skin
Causes:- Gi symptoms ( duodenitis) pulmonary symptoms ( dry cough, haemoptysis) and pruritis
Diagnosis:- rhabiditiform larvae in faeces
Carrier:- Yes
Mgx:- ivermectin

39
Q

Ancylostoma and Necator

A

Hookworms
Transmision:- walking barefoot - larvae penetrate skin
Causes:- microcytic anaemia from worm sucking blood from intestinal wall
Cutnaneaous larva migrans:- pruritic serpiginous rash
Mgx:- bendazole

40
Q

Onchocerca volvulus

A

Transmission:- black fly
Causes:- river blindness , black nodules
Mgx:- ivermectin

41
Q

Loa Loa

A

Transmission:- deer, horse, mango fly
Causes:- worm in the conjuctiva, swelling in skin
Mgx:- diethycarbamezine

42
Q

Wuchereia Bancrofti

A

Transmission:- female mosquito
Causes:- lymphatic filariasis ( elephantiasis) 9/12- 12/12 after bite —> worm invade KN causing lymphaedema
Mgx:- diethycarbamezine

43
Q

Taenia Solium

A

Intestinal tape worm / pork tapeworm
Transmission: - ingestion of eggs in contaminated food

Causes:- seizures, neurocycticercosis —> CNS leisons, round cysts or calcified nodules on imaging ( occurs when humans eat T solium eggs in contaminated food or water)

Treatment:- praziquantel

44
Q

Diphyllobothrium Latum

A

Transmission:- ingestion of larvae in freshwater fish
Causes:- macrocyctic anaemia —? Competes with Vitamin B12
Mgx:- praziquantel

45
Q

Echinococcus granulsus

A

Transmission:- ingestion of eggs in food contaminated with dog faeces
Causes:- hydatid cysts in liver and lung —> if rupture can cause anaphylaxis
Mgx:- Albendazole

46
Q

Schistosoma

A

Transmission:- snails in conataminated freshwater
Schistosoma Mansoni and japonicum —> diarrhoea illness abdo pain iron def anaemia
Schistosoma haematobium:- Sq cell carcinoma of the bladder —> painless haematuria
Mgx:- praziquantel

47
Q

Chlonorchis sinesis

A

Transmission:- undercooked fish
Causes:- biliary tract inflammation, cholangiocarcinoma
Mgx–> praziquantel

48
Q

Yersinia Pestis

A

G-ve bacilli, oxidase -ve , no H2 production
Exhibits bipolar staining (resembles safety pin)
Transmission:- rodents
Causes:- bubonic plague—> fever, headache, painful swollen erythematous LNs ( buboes)

49
Q

Neisseria Meningitidis

A

G-ve diplococci, aerobic, ferments maltose and glucose
Virulence:-

50
Q

Pediculus humanus capitus

A

Head lice
Transmission is directly
Diagnosis:- inspection of egg attached to hair shaft
Mgx:- permethrin

51
Q

Tinea corporis (Dermatophyte infections)

A

Tinea corporis, Tinea pedis, Tinea Cruris
Infection keratinised matter but don’t invade the dermis or subcutaneous tissue (i.e ltd to keratinised structures)

52
Q

Corynebacterium Diphtheria

A

G+ve rods non motile
Stains with aniline dyes ( methylene blue)
Virulence:- AB exotoxin inhibits cell protein synthesis by catalysing ADP ribosylation of hot cell elongation factor -2
Transmission:- resp droplets
Complications:- myocarditis, neurotoxin

53
Q

Pox virus

A

Enveloped DsDNA virus linear ( large virus)
Replicated in cytoplasm
No icosahedral
Eradicated by live attenuated vaccine

Causes:-milkmaid blisters, Molluscum contagiosum

54
Q

Hepadna virus

A

Enveloped DsDNA virus, circular
Replicates in nucleus
Isocahedral capsule

Causes:- HBV

55
Q

Herpes virus

A

Enveloped dsDNA linear virus
Replicates in cytoplasm
Isocahedral capsule
Family members :- HSV, EBV, CMV, VZV HHV

56
Q

Adenovirus

A

Naked dsDNA linear virus
Isocahedral capsule
Replicated in nucleus

Causes:- pharyngitis, conjunctivitis, pneumonia, gastroenteritis, myocarditis

57
Q

Papillomavirus

A

Naked dsDNA circular
Isocahederal capsule
Replicate in nucleus

Causes:- HPV —> warts, penile, Anal, Cx , oropharygeal cancer

58
Q

Polyomavirus

A

Naked dsDNA circular
Isocahedral capsule
Replicate in nucleus

Causes:- JC virus:- progressive multimodal leukoencephalopathy in immunocompromised
BK virus:- transplant pts, targets kidneys

59
Q

Parvovirus

A

Naked, ssDNA linear (smallest dna virus)
Replicated in nucleus
Isocahedral capsule

Causes: - B19 aplastic crises in sickle cell disease, slapped cheek in children, hydros fetalis

60
Q

Naked Halle’s Pico de galleo is Really Positively Crunchy

A

Naked +ve RNA viruses
Hepevirus (HEV)
Picornavirus (PERCH)
Reovirus (Rota)
Calciviruses (Noro)

61
Q

Have Helpful Protection

A

Enveloped DNA virus
Herpesvirus
Hepdna virus
Poxvirus

62
Q

You get Naked for a PAPP smear

A

Naked DNA viruses
Papilloma virus
Adenovirus
Polyomavirus
Parvovirus

63
Q

Run TO Flavs Corona Envelope Party

A

Enveloped +ve RNA
Retrovirus
Togavirus
Flavivirus
Coronavirus

64
Q

BAD People Run From Officers

A

-ve RNA enveloped
Bunyavirus
Arenavirus
Delta virus (HDV)
Paramyxovirus
Rhabdovirus
Filovirus
Orthomyxovirus

65
Q

Reovirus

A

Naked +ve dsRNA segmented virus
Isocahedral capsule
Replicate in cytoplasm

Causes:- rotavirus

66
Q

Picornavirus

A

Naked +ve ssRNA linear
Isocahedral capsule
Replicates in cytoplasm

Causes: (PERCH)
Poliovirus
Echovirus ( aseptic meningitis)
Rhinovirus
Coxasckie virus (hand foot and mouth)
HAV

67
Q

Hepevirus

A

Naked +ssRNA linear
Isocahedral capsule
Replicate in cytoplasm

Causes HEV

68
Q

Calcivirus

A

Naked +ssRNA linear
Isocahedral capsule
Replicates in cytoplasm

Causes:-norovirus

69
Q

Flavivirus

A

Enveloped +ssRNA, linear
Isocahedral capsule
Replicate in cytoplasm

Causes :- HCV
Yellow fever
West Nile
Dengue
Zika

70
Q

Togavirus

A

Enveloped +ssRNA linear
Isocahedral capsule
Replicates in cytoplasm

Causes:- Rubella (matonavirus)

71
Q

Retrovirus

A

enveloped +ssRNA linear
Isocahedral capsule
Replicate in nucleus
Has reverse transcriptase inhibitor

Causes:- HIV, HTLV - T cell leukaemia

72
Q

Coronavirus

A

Enveloped +ss RNA linear
NO Isocahedral capsule
Replicates in cytoplasm

Causes cold, SARS , COVID 19

73
Q

Paramyxovirus

A

Enveloped -ve ssRNA linear
Helical capsule
Replicates in cytoplasm

Causes:- parainfluenza (croup)
RSV
Measles, mumps

74
Q

Orthomyxovirus

A

Enveloped -ve ssRNA linear
Helical capsule
Segmented

75
Q

Actinomyces

A

G+ve branching filamentous bacteria
Transmission:- introduced to submucosa during mechanical trauma ( tooth extraction)

Causes:- slowly growing, non painful, chronic mandibular mass evolves into multiple abscess and sinus tract
Yellow orange sulfur granules

76
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Roundworm
Common in Asia, Africa S. America
Transmission:- eggs ingested via contaminated food/water

Eggs hatch to larvae, penetrate intestinal wall and migrate to alveoli —> Loffeler syndrome ( cough, wheeze, SOB)

77
Q

EBV testing

A

Infects B cells stimulating them to proliferate continuously -immortalisation
and heterophile antibody production

Heterophile antibody test is sensitive and highly specific for EBV —> diagnosis in Vivo infection

78
Q

Coccidioides Immitis

A

Dimorphic fungi
Endemic to US and Mexico
Appearance:- thick walled spherules packed with endospores larger than RBC

Causes:- pulmonary disease

79
Q

Molluscum contagiousum

A

Caused by pox virus
Small firm shiny rounded papules with central indentation
Biopsy:- intracytoplasmic eosinophils inclusion bodies

80
Q

Pasturella multocida

A

G-ve cocobacilli ( mouse like odour)
Exposure:- dog or cat bite
N part of upper resp tract flora in animals

Presentation:- within 24 hrs of bite , cellulitis symptoms and signs

81
Q

Listeria monocytogenes

A

G+ve rod faculatative intracellular
Tumbling, motile, rocket tails

Virulence:- listeriolycin O ( enzyme that creates pores in phagosomes)

Transmission:- dairy and cold deli meats, placental transmission

Presentation:- febrile gastroenteritis, spontaneous abortion, meningitis in immunocompromised

82
Q

Enterococcus

A

G+ve cocci catalase -ve
Gamma haemolytic (no haemolysis)
PYR +ve
Grows in bile and 6.5% NaCl

Causes:- UTI, cholecystitis, subacute endocarditis

Commonly cause infections after cystoscopy, colonoscopy or ob procedures

LopsNotes (12 decks)

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