Mixed Q’s 2 Flashcards
Duodenal atresia associations ?
Assoc with Down’s syndrome
Double bubble sign
Polyhydramnios
Bile vomiting
Oesophageal atresia is assoc with?
Polyhydramnios
Malrotation of volvulus presentation?
Asymptomatic at birth
Occurs after a few weeks
Bld in stool
Vomiting bilious material
Tender distended abdomen
Imperforate anus presentation?
Inability to pass meconium in first 24 hrs
Assoc with
cardiac abnormalities, tracheoesophageal fistulas
renal agenesis
Characteristics of anal canal above the pectinate canal?
Columnar epithelium
Superior and middles rectal arteries bld supply
Non painful haemorrhoids
Lymph drainage to internal iliac nodes
Where do haemorrhoids drain into?
Venous system
What is Li-Fraumeni syndrome?
A history of sarcoma, leukaemia, adrenal, brain and breast cancer.
2o to autosomal mutation of TP53
Cancers that cause sclerotic bone Mets ?
Osteoblastic ( sclerotic)
Prostate cancer
Small cell lung cancer
Hodgkin lymphoma
Cancers that cause lucent bone Mets?
Osteolytic (lucent)
M2N2R
Multiple myeloma
Non small cell lung cancer
Non Hodgkin lymphoma
Renal cell carcinoma
Melanoma
Cancers that cause mixed bone Mets ?
Gastrointestinal cancer
Breast cancer
BRAF is associated with ?
BRAF is a protooncogene
Mutation is assoc with
Melanoma
Non Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Papillary thyroid cancer
BRCA1 and BRAC2
Tumour suppressor gene
Mutation associated with
Breast cancer
Ovarian cancer
Pancreatic cancer
MEN1 associated protein?
Tumour suppressor
Menin
RET?
Protooncogene
Mutation associated with
MEN 2a + MEN 2b
Papillary thyroid cancer
What is RB associated protein ?
Tumour suppressor gene
associated with with HPV
Leading to
Head and neck cancer
Cervical cancer
Anal cancer
Penile cancer
What is the first step in adenoma to carcinoma sequence?
Mutation of APC tumour suppressor gene
Malignant cells metastasis pathway ?
- Down regulation of cadherin decrease cell adhesion
- Detachment from basement membrane by loosening integrin attachment
- Degradation of extracellular matrix by type IV collagenase
- Migration by upregulation non integrin Lamin receptors
- Dissemination
Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer?
Lynch Syndrome
MSH2 MSH1
Tumour suppressor gene
Assoc with
Colorectal cancer
Endometrial cancer
Ovarian cancer
Phosphorylation of Rb protein leads to?
Rb becomes inactive releasing the E2F transcription factor allowing cell to divide
Which zone of the liver metabolises phenytoin?
Zone 3
Annular pancreas is caused by?
Failure of pancreatic ventral bud to rotate
The pancreas and pancreatic duct are derived from?
The foregut
What is Hirschsprung’s disease?
Failure of neural crest cell migration into the intestinal wall
Hirschsprung disease presentation?
Functional bowel blockage
Neonate with chronic constipation
Tight anal sphincter and empty rectum
Rectosigmoid narrowing with proximally distended bowel loops on barium study