Mixed Qs 1 Flashcards
What is an underlying cause of vulvovaginal candidiasis?
Decreased number of G+ve bacteria in vagina ( lactobacillus )
Cornynebacterium diphtheria acquired virulence to become pathogenic through what mechanism?
‘Phage conversion permits exotoxin production’
Lysogenic bacteriophage inserts tox gene allowing bacteria to express diptheria AB in toxin
Where does LT ventricular biventricular pacemaker leads lie?
Arteriovenous groove on posterior aspect of the heart
Where does LT ventricular biventricular pacemaker leads lie?
Arteriovenous groove on posterior aspect of the heart
What is the treatment for absence seizures?
Ethosuximide
(Sodium valproate 2nd in line)
How does Ethosuximide work?
MoA:Inhibits Ca channels in thalamic neurons
Use:- absence seizures
SE:- dizziness drowsiness
Effect of glucortocoids on glucose, cholesterol and TG?
Increase glucose
Increase Total cholesterol
Increase triglycerides
How does treatment with glucocorticoids affect the pituitary adrenal axis?
Decreased CRH
Decrease ACTH
Decreased Cortisol
Which adrenal zone is affected by ACEI?
Zona glomerulosa (aldosterone)
The adrenal cortex is derived from ?
Mesoderm
The adrenal medulla is derived from..?
Neural crest
How does sarcoidoses lead to high vitamin D
Activated macrophages in sarcoidoses express 1alpha hydroxylase leading to excess production of vitamin d and hypercalcaemia
Mechanism of hypoglycaemia in Type I DM?
Decreased glucagon secretion
How does chronic hyperglycaemia cause cataract ?
Glucose —> sorbitol—> fructose
Excess of sorbitol accumulates in lens cells leading to influx of water and osmotic cell injury.
Depletion of NADPH also increases oxidative risk
Subacute thyroiditis presentation?
Common in females
Fever, painful, tender goitre
Raised ESR
Initially high T3/T4
Low TSH
Follows viral illness
Diagnostic findings in subacute thryoiditis?
Raised T3/T4
Raised thyroglobulin
Low TSH
Low radioactive iodine uptake
Diffuse enlargement of gland with decreased bld flow on U/S
Thyroid blood levels if giving exogenous T3?
Increased T3
Decreased TSH ( -ve feedback)
Decreased T4
Decreased rT3
Hormone levels and changes seen in androgen abuse?
Low GnRH
Low FSH
Low LH
Low testosterone
High oestrogen
Impaired spermatogenesis
Testicular atrophy
Gynecomastia
5 alpha reductase deficiency presentation?
Ambiguous genitalia at birth typically masculinised at birth
Antibodies associated with Grave’s Disease are?
TSH receptor antibodies
Thyrotropin receptor antibodies
Which intracellular pathway is stimulated by GH?
JAK-STAT pathway
How does insulin promotes glycogen synthesis?
By autophosphorylation of tyrosine kinase receptor
Thyroid resistance is as result of ?
Decreased sensitivity of peripheral tissues to thyroid hormones due to a defect in the thyroid hormone receptor Beta
Thyroid hormone resistance presentation?
Non tender goitre
Sypmtoms of ADHD
High T3/T4
High TSH