mitosis review guide

Question 1

Gametes

Answer 1

reproduce cells involved in sexual reproduction. ex: egg or sperm cells

( a reproductive cell or a haploid)

Question 2

Zygote

Answer 2

is a fertilized egg cell. it is the first cell formed when the sperm from the male and the egg from the female combine during fertilization

Question 3

Describe the life cycle: Meiosis, Fertilization, Mitosis

be very specific about meiosis and fertilization.

Answer 3

• Meiosis
• process by which gametes are made
• 4 non-identical gametes are produced
• Fertilization:
• the process where a sperm and the egg fuse to form a zygote
• Mitosis:
• process by which a single cell divides to form two identical daughter cells to replace old or damaged cells
• produces two identical cells that continue the cycle

Question 4

What happens during each stage of cell replication?

3 things, THE BEGINNOING!!!!

Answer 4

• interphase: the G1, S, and G2 phase happens where the cell prepares for division
• the cell then goes through mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, (PMAT) which is the division of the nucleus
• the cell then goes through cytokinesis where the cytoplasm is divided, resulting in two daughter cells

Question 5

Describe the difference between chromatin, chromatids, and chromosomes

remember how they rely on each other

Answer 5

• Chromatin is DNA loosely wrapped around histones
• Chromatids: a single strand of replicated DNA that is half of a chromosome
• Chromosomes: condensed, tightly packed DNA. it’s structure is consisted of two chromatids connected by a centromere instead.

Question 6

What makes up a chromosome?

Answer 6

DNA, histones, chromatin, centromere

Question 7

Chromatin:

Answer 7

Chromatin is DNA loosely wrapped around histones

Question 8

Chromatid:

Answer 8

a single strand of replicated DNA that is half of a chromosome

Question 9

Chromosomes:

include what it is

Answer 9

condensed, tightly packed DNA. it’s structure is consisted of two chromatids connected by a centromere

Question 10

Centromeres

Answer 10

the region where the sister chromatids are joined

Question 11

Histones

Answer 11

protein DNA wraps around

Question 12

Autosomes

Answer 12

• autosomes make up the first 22 pairs of chromosomes in humans
• carry bulk genetic information inherited from both parents

Question 13

What are the two different types of stem cells?

Answer 13

• Pluripotent: cells that can be become any cell in the body. derived by 3-5 day old embryos
• Multi-potent cells: Can become other cells, but limited to certain types. Ex: bone marrow stem cells can become any type of blood cell but not a brain cell.
• Multi-potent cells are found in adult and umbilical blood stem cells

Question 14

What is cancer, what increases the risks of developing tumors and cancer, and describe the various treatments to cancer

Answer 14

• cancer cells divide uncontrollably and crowd out healthy cells
• having cancer means having increased risks of heredity, carcinogens, and sometimes even an unusual amount of chromosomes
• treatments: radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy.
• chemotherapy is a medicine that targets fast-dividing cells (like cancer cells). however, this means that other, helpful dividing cells such as hair cells will die too. this is why people with cancer often loose their hair.

Question 15

What happens after mitosis?

specifcally say what cytokinesis is

Answer 15

• cytokinesis, the final step of cell division, where the cytoplasm of the parent cell is divided between the two daughter cells.
• in animals cells, the cleavage furrow forms and pinches the cell membrane down the middle, splitting the cell into two
• in plants, a cell plate forms in the middle fo the cell, which forms into a new cell wall, dividing the cells into two daughter cells

Question 16

Centrioles

Answer 16

help organize the spindle fibers

Question 17

Spindle fibers

what is it made up of? be specific on what it does

Answer 17

• made up of microtubules
• extend from the poles and meet at the equator of the cell where they attach to the chromosomes
• help align the chromosomes along the cell equator.

Question 18

Where does the g0 phase come in from?

Answer 18

after the g1 phase. they might do this because they don’t need to divide, more growth, maintenance, or repair damaged tissue

Question 19

What happens in G1, S, and G2?

Answer 19

• G1: the cell grows. this is where the cell carries out its normal duties. It prepares for its upcoming division.
• Then it undergoes a checkpoint to ensure it has enough resources to go into
• If not, it goes into the G0 phase.
• Synthesis: the cell’s DNA gets replicated, and each chromosome is copied, which results in two identical sister chromatids attached at the centromere. (a chromosome)
• G2: The cell continues to grow and checks for any damage or replication errors. it also finishes replicating the centrosomes.
• The centrosomes (structures that will help organize the spindle fibers for mitosis) replicate

Question 20

How do cells die

Answer 20

Apoptosis (bursting)

Question 21

when during the cell cycle are the chromatids duplicated?

Answer 21

synthesis

Question 22

If a cell skips cytokinesis what is the end result?

Answer 22

one cell and multiple nuclei (D)

Question 23

What is the difference between multipotent and pluripotent stem cells?

Answer 23

• pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into any cell type in the body.
• multipotent are more limited and can only become a restricted range of cell types (usually tissue or organ cells)

Question 24

synthesis is the __ of __

Answer 24

synthesis is the replication of dna