cells and organelles revised Flashcards
What is a cell? Organelles?
include examples and details
- Cells are the smallest unit of life.
- The structure of the cell impacts the function.
- Cells are made up of organelles, which are non-living small cell structures that perform specific jobs and work together to help the cell function.
- An example of this is the mitochondria, which creates energy with cell respiration.
name the levels of organization from small to big
- organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system
- or molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, system, multicellular organism
Prokaryote vs Eukaryote: How do they differ?
Pro:
- no nucleus
- bacteria
- has free floating dna in the cytoplasm
Eur:
- everything but bacteria
- includes animals, plants, produce, fungus, etc
- dna is the nucleus
nucleus/nucleolus
what is their connection?
- Nucleus: controls cell activities such as growth and reproduction. stores dna info
- Nucleolus: found in the nucleus, produces ribosomes
ribosomes
site of protein synthesis and the creation of protein
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Transfers proteins from the nucleus to the golgi apparatus: has ribosomes on it giving it a “rough” look
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
has something to do with the golgi apparatus
Smooth membranes that transfer lipid and carbohydrates to the golgi apparatus. no ribosomes
Golgi apparatus/golgi body
receives materials from the nucleus to the Golgi apparatus; has ribosomes on it giving it a “rough” look
vacuoles
- plants: 1 large central vacuole
- animals: many small vacuoles
- vacuoles store water, enzymes, nutrients
Cell membrane
what does it do and what is it made up of
surrounds all cells; semi-permeable– lets some things in and some things out of the cell; helps maintain homeostasis. made of 2 layers of phospholipids
Chloroplasts
site of photosynthesis: a process that converts light energy to sugars for the plant to use as food. they are green because of chlorophyill
Mitochondria
Site of energy production (cell respiration: converting food to a usable form of energy as ATP)
Lysosomes
Breaks down (using digestive enzymes) materials in the cell (waste, macromolecules, old organelles)
cell wall
- surrounds the cell membrane: supports and protects plants.
- It is rough and rigid
- Made of cellulose in plant cells
- Made of chitin in fungi
- not found in animal cells
Cytoplasm
jelly like substance that holds all the organelles in place. composed mainly of water and nutrients
Examples of specialized cells
actual examples!!!
Neuron/nerve cell, red blood cell, white blood cell, cilia, muscle cell, skin cell, sperm cell
Specialized cells/differentiated cells: What organelles may be found in abundance in each of these cells and why?
- in specialized animal cells, there are a lot of muscle cells (needed for the skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissues)
- red blood cells, (human body needs them because it transports oxygen) and cheek cells (replaced a lot due to the wear and tear from food)
- in specialized plant cells, there are guard cells (they manage plant health), xylem cells (makes sure the plant gets water)
Stem cells/undifferentiated/unspecialized cells: how they are unique and how do stem cells become specialized cells?
- Stem cells are not specialized for any specific function.
- This allows them to potentially become a variety of cell types.
- Stem cells respond to various signals, such as hormones or growth factors, that trigger differentiation. These signals shape what the cell becomes.
Parts of an animal cell cheek?
remeber cell cheek = CCN
cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus
Parts of the onion and elodea
remember what te onioon doesrnt have
cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, chloroplasts in elodea, nucleus in onion
Parts of the euglena (include what it is)
little, green critters. cell membrane. cytoplasm, chloroplasts, flagella
Parts of the paramecium (include what it is)
what are they and use the anagram CCCC
larger swimming critters. cell membrane, cytoplasm, contractile and food vacuoles, cilia
Parts of the amoeba (include what it is)
include what it is, what it does, and the parts
single-celled organism that belongs to the group of protists. changes shape like a WBC. cell membrane, cytoplasm, food vacuoles, nucleus
The long projection of a nerve cell allows the cell to perform what job?
use contexxt clues and common sense to determine the answers
receive and send messages to other cells
Which specialized cell structure directly helps paramecium cells move?
cilia
Which type of specialized cell would have many ribosomes and mitochondria, often multinucleated?
muscle cells
Small intestine cells have many projections that help with their job/function. what is the purpose of the projections?
It increases surface area for the absorption of nutrients
True or False: ALL CELLS (Prokaryotes AND Eukaryotes) have a nucleus
false
Would a Skin Stem Cell be pluripotent or multipotent?
Multipotent
Functions in Common to all Cells
- Protein Synthesis
- Maintaining homeostasis
- Energy use/production
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