mini quiz 2 Flashcards
Why do fish and shellfish similar symptoms for pathogen and parasite invasions? (Theme)
They have ‘limited’ responses.
Do not make a diagnosis on ____ _____ alone. (Theme)
visible symptoms
what is the function of skin for salmonids?
protection, salt balance (osmoregulation), mucous cells, scales.
what are the functions of gills?
gas exchange, salt and acid balance, many blood vessels.
ACTUALLY DO THIS:
quickly run through where organs are on a salmonid
- nostril. -stomach
- brain -liver
- spinal cord -heart
- swim bladder -kidney
- dorsal fin -gills
- adipose -intestine
- caudal fin -gonad
- anal fin -pelvic fin
- lateral line -anus
- urnary bladder
function of a liver
- process nutrients, bile production and blood filtering via network of blood vessels.
- oil and fat storage
function of a spleen
blood filtering, maintenance of immune system cells. (haematopoietic tissue)
function of stomach and intestine
digest and absorb nutrients, process wastes, large surface area, pyloric cecae
function of the swimbladder
physoclistous vs physostomous
- buoyancy
- float w/o using energy
- clis= closed. rete mirabla
- stom= open. gulp air
rete mirabla
a dense network of vessels that allow gases to exchange from blood to air bladder
functions of a kidney
- urine production, salt balance
- blood cell formation, hormones and blood filtering
- head, mid and posterior
hyper=
hypo=
iso=
per=more
po=less
iso=same
marine fish are hypo/hyper?
fw fish are hypo/hyper?
M=HYPO (b/c h20=hyper) loss of h20
FW=HYPER (b/c h20 = hyper) gain of h20
who gulps h20, who pees? Marine and FW fishes
M=gulps
FW=pees
water always flows from hypo to hyper, or hyper to hypo
hypo to hyper
LOOK AT A SHELLFISH. DO THIS NOW. NAME THE FOLLOWING THINGS WITH JER OR SOMEONE.
- mouth -shell
- mantle -hinge area
- gut -coelom
- heart -adductor muscle
- anus -excurrent siphon
- water flow -incurrent siphon
- gill -mantle cavity
- foot -palp
- mouth
what are the oldest parts of a shellfish? what is this area called?
umbo and hinge. dorsal.
What part of the shellfish is the anterior?
where the notch is
what sort of circulatory system does a shellfish have?
open
what are the gills used for on a shellfish?
feeding. not respiration
What organs contain hematopoietic tissue in fish?
spleen. LIVER? ASK JER
Compare and contrast the osmoregulatory challenges (and solutions) of a sablefish vs a white sturgeon.
Sable fish= Marine. Hypotonic. gulps water for H20, osmotic water loss from gills + body parts. excrete salt in urine, small pee amount.
Sturgeon= FW. Hypertonic. absorbs water thru osmoregulation. Pees often b/c of excess water. uptake of salt ions from gills.
Do shellfish have a back?
yup. Umbo/hinge area
What is the role of the head kidney? Posterior kidney?
FIND THESE ANSWERS. PROBABLY ON EXAM.
what is the role of blood?
probably O2 transport. see what others say
Does a fish w 2 heads have a disease?
Possibly, or genetic, or development abnormality.
What is the role of each in shellfish?
- adductor muscle
- hinge
- gills
- siphons
- AM=
- Hinge= mobility of shell
- gills= nutrition intake
- siphons= water movement in/out of shellfish. DOUBLE CHECK THIS.
Define Stress
- The response of an organism to maintain normal function as a result of some chemical or physical force.
- This response often places a high demand (energetically) on the organism, resulting in a weakened state.
4 sources of stress
- water quality
- culture procedures- bad husbandry
- behavioral interactions and predators
- parasites/pathogens
optimal range for DO
9-10ml
optimal range for pH
6.5-8.5
optimal range for ammonia (NH3)
<0.02mg/L
optimal range for Nitrate (NO3)
<1mg/L
optimal range for Nitrite (NO2)
<1mg/L
what is the max temp change (ideally) in a day?
2*C
why is it critical to monitor ammonia levels?
can lead to brown blood disease
what is a backyard remedy to reduce ammonia levels?
salt. it binds the ammonia particles
best temperature for
- salmon
- oysters
- scallops
- s= 10-14
- o= 15-20
- sc= 10-11
hardness: very soft soft hard very hard
vs: 0-10mg/L
s: 10-100mg/L
h: 100-200
vh: >200
TDS optimal range
total dissolved solids,
80-100ppm
name some bad heavy minerals
name some good heavy minerals
Zn, Cu, Hg, Pb, (often toxic at lower pH)
Ca & Mg (if increase can reduce BKD)
what are some sources of stress due to culture procedures and bad husbandry? 7
- biosecurity & protocols
- feeding mechanism (pt. source vs uniform spreaders)
- stocking density (ATS vs CHK/COH vs RBT)
- spp. differences (agressiveness, maturity)
- auto feeders (not ideal, video monitoring)
- lesions
- HABS
how can fish develop lesions (marine)?
- jellies
- lampreys
- collapsed net
- sunburn
- shallow net
what causes more salmon casualties than anything else at farm sites? from what? how?
HABS
chaetocerous
oxygen dead spike
3 factors for sources of stress in regards to Behavioral Interactions
- Aggregate or solitary culture species
- size grading
- sexual maturation
why can parasites and pathogens cause stress? (3)
- infection consumes energy
- some fish do not feed when sick
- some path/para are immunosuppresive
how does cortisol production due to stress affect a fish?
- impares the immune system function
- uses considerable energy (flight response)
4 categories of stress mitigation
- Avoidance (husbandry, feed quality, site selection, etc)
- Anaesthetics
- Vaccines, immunostimulants
- broodstock management (resistant strains)
2 types of response types for immunity
- non-specific (not related to identity of ‘invader’, innate
- specific (adaptive)- (depends upon recognition of ‘invader’)(may be based upon prior exposure; results in an ADAPTIVE CHANGE)
do the 2 response types work separately or together?
together
Name the three origins of immunity
1) innate (natural) immunity. born w it. genetic component
2) aquired immunity. develop resistance after exposure
3) artificial immunity. induced by vaccines, immunostimulants
three (general idea) basic components of immunity:
1) Physical/Mechanical/Chemical Barriers (mostly NON-SPECIFIC components)PREVENT ENTRY
2) internal defences (rapid, NON-SPECIFIC components)PREVENT SPREAD
3) specific (adaptive) immunity components. (slower initially)PREVENT SPREAD, ELIMINATE &PROTECT
name some of the soldiers of INTERNAL DEFENCES
- lysozymes
- growth & enzyme inhibitors
- thrombocytes (blood clotting)
- lectins (agglutin)
- inflammatory response
name some soldiers of PHYSICAL/MECHANICAL/CHEMICAL BARRIERS
- skin
- mucus
- lysozymes
- behavior, natural fauna
name some of the soldiers of SPECIFIC (ADAPTIVE) IMMUNITY COMPONENTS ((SLOWER INITIALLY))
- lymphocytes: (b- and t-) control/coordinate cellular components of the immune system
- humoral response: (cell product) immonoglobulins. bind to a specific part of an invader
- phagocytic cells: macrophage, neutrophils, surround and destroy.
what is a cytokines?
a cell messanger
antigen binding site
thats how it recognizes the antigen. specific shapes for specific pathogens. 3 different antibodies for 3 different shapes.
name the four responses for antibody-triggering
- antibodies flag all foreign particles. VIRAL NEURTRALIZATION
- AGGLUTINIZATION OF ANTIGEN-BEARING PARTICLES. (congregate the bacteria)
- PRECIPITATION
- CELL DESTRUCTION
4 types of vaccines
- LIVE/ATTENUATED:
- BACTERINS/VIRINS
- SUBUNIT: culture pathogen
- DNA
3 forms of vaccine administration
- immersion/bath: most common, moderate stress, fast, labor intensive
- injection: most effective, most stressful, v. labor intensive,
- oral: lowest protection, least stressful, min. labor, best as a boost or 2ndary vaccination.
Adjuvant defn
substances included in vaccines to enhance the recipient’s immune response to a supplied antigen.
Injection vaccination checklist: preparation
- fish health check
- grading
- reduce water temp
- vaccine check
- no feed 48 hours
- all required equipment
injection vaccination checklist: injecting
- anaesthetic use
- minimal time
- emphasize good technique
- good environment for injectors
- regular check of guns and needles
- check fish for proper delivery
injection vaccination checklist: post vaccination
-no feed 48 hours
Lymphocytes
white blood cell. adaptive immune system. T- and B- cells
melanization
clotting
nacreazation
pearl formation in bivalves
immunoglobulins
antibody. A protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as bacteria or viruses. recognizes antigens.
lysozymes
damage bacterial walls by hydrolosos. in mucus.
macrophages
is a phagocyte, non-specific immune defense (innate immunity), as well as adaptive immunity. engulf and digest pathogens and cellular debris.
IgM
immunoglobulin-M. basic antibody that is produced by B-cells. usually one of the first to show up.
Mucus
prevent entry. a physical barrier for immunity. contains lysozymes
