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Human Biology 116 > Minerals and supplements > Flashcards

Minerals and supplements Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the main minerals that the human body needs?

A

Sodium, potassium, zinc, iron, calcium, copper, and selenium.

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2
Q

Where can most minerals be found?

A

Wholegrains, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and meats.

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3
Q

Will you find minerals in highly processed foods?

A

Its unlikely but possible

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4
Q

What is the major role of calcium?

A

Bone and tooth formation and muscle and nerve function

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5
Q

What is the major role of iron?

A

Used to make hemoglobin and myoglobin

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6
Q

What is the major role of zinc?

A

Component of certain enzymes and required for growth

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7
Q

What is the major role of phosphorus?

A

Bone and tooth formation, PH of body fluids, phospholipids.

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8
Q

What is the major role of potassium?

A

Maintains the PH of body fluids used in action potentials

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9
Q

What is the major role of sodium?

A

Maintains the PH of body fluids used in action potentials

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10
Q

What is the major role of selenium?

A

Used by the immune system

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11
Q

What is a natural source of calcium?

A

Dairy foods, leafy greens, dry beans

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12
Q

What is a natural source of iron?

A

Red meats, eggs, nuts, whole grains, leafy greens

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13
Q

What is a natural source of zinc?

A

Meats, whole grains, nuts, legumes

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14
Q

What is a natural source of phosphorus?

A

Dairy products, grains

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15
Q

What is a natural source of potassium?

A

Fruits and vegetables, meats, milk.

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16
Q

What is a natural source of sodium?

A

Table salt, meats

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17
Q

What is a natural source of selenium?

A

Nuts: brazil nuts. And many fruits and vegetables.

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18
Q

What are vitamins?

A

any of a group of organic compounds which are essential for normal growth and nutrition and are required in small quantities in the diet because they cannot be synthesized by the body.

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19
Q

What roles do vitamins play?

A

Roles in metabolism

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20
Q

True or False? Do we obtain energy from vitamins

A

False

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21
Q

How do we get energy from vitamins?

A

Some vitamins are necessary to run energy-related processes in cells

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22
Q

What is the major role of vitamin A and what is its natural source?

A

used to make visual pigments, maintains epithelial tissues, and is needed for normal growth. It is sourced naturally from orange and yellow fruits and veges, egg yolk, and dairy products

23
Q

What is the major role of vitamin C and what is its natural source?

A

Used in collagen synthesis and has a possible role in immune function. It is naturally sourced from fresh veges and fruits.

24
Q

What is the major role of vitamin D and what is its natural source?

A

Bone growth, calcium absorption, and has a possible role in immune function. Is naturally sourced from eggs, dairy products, and sunlight.

25
Q

What is the major role of vitamin E and what is its natural source?

A

Antitoxidant and reduces cellular damage. Is sourced naturally from nuts, wholegrains, and leafy veges.

26
Q

What is the major role of B complex vitamins and what are their natural source?

A

Used in cellular respiration to metabolize sugars and other carbon compounds, is naturally sourced from whole grains, legumes, many fruits and veges.

27
Q

What is the major role of vitamin k and what is its natural source?

A

Plays a role in blood clotting, and is naturally produced by the intestinal bacteria

28
Q

What are antioxidants?

A

Antioxidants are substances that may protect your cells against free radicals, which may play a role in heart disease, cancer and other diseases as they damage cells and cell processes.

29
Q

Which antioxidants combine with free radicals to reduce their effects and slow cell aging?

A

Vitamins C and E which are found in colourful veges and fruits and natural nuts/wholegrains.

30
Q

What is a Two-Way digestion system?

A

Where food of an organism enters through the same opening in which the waste leaves through.

31
Q

Label this diagram of the human upper body including the mouth and salivary glands.

A

L1 - Palate B1 - Sublingual gland. L1 - Pharynz

L2 - Uvula B2 - Submandibual gland. L2 - Esophagus

L3 - Tounge B3 - Parotid gland

L4 - Teeth

32
Q

Label this diagram of the lower human body including the lower organs, small intestine, and large intestine.

A

L1 - Liver R1 - Stomach. B1 - Appendix

L2 - Gall bladder R2 - Pancreas B2 - Anus.

L3- Common bile duct R3 - Pancreas duct

L4 - Duodenum R4 - Transverse colon

L5 - Jejunum R5 - Ascending colon

L6 - Lleum R6 - Cecum

R7 - Descending colon

R8 - Sigmoid colon

R9 - Rectum

33
Q

What enzymes sit in the mouth?

A

Amylase

34
Q

What is the ph of the mouth?

A

Neutral

35
Q

What molecules are digested in the mouth?

A

Starch

36
Q

What is the ph of the stomach?

A

Acidic

37
Q

Which main enzymes are found in the stomach?

A

Pepsin (a peptidase)

38
Q

Molecules digested in the small intestine?

A

Starches, lipids, and the final breakdown of proteins.

39
Q

What is the ph of the small intestine?

A

Basic to neutral

40
Q

Which main enzymes are found in the small intestine?

A

A mixture of amylase, peptidases, and lipases.

41
Q

Where does mechanical digestion take place in humans?

A

The mouth

42
Q

What is the function of the human incisors and canines?

A

They are adapted for tearing food

43
Q

What is the function of human molars?

A

They are adapted for grinding food

44
Q

What is the importance of saliva when digesting food?

A

Saliva contains special enzymes that help digest the starches in your food. An enzyme called amylase breaks down starches (complex carbohydrates) into sugars, which your body can more easily absorb. Saliva also contains an enzyme called lingual lipase, which breaks down fats

45
Q

Acid digestion occurs where?

A

In the stomach

46
Q

What is the importance of grastrin in the stomach?

A

During a meal, gastrin stimulates the stomach to release gastric acid. This allows the stomach to break down proteins swallowed as food and absorb certain vitamins.

47
Q

What does the enzyme pepsin do?

A

Breaks up proteins although requires an acidic environment to become active.

48
Q

What are stomach ulcers?

A

A sore that develops on the lining of the oesophagus, stomach or small intestine. Ulcers occur when stomach acid damages the lining of the digestive tract. They cause pain when the stomach is empty.

49
Q

What is acid reflux?

A

A digestive disease in which stomach acid or bile irritates the food pipe lining. It is often due to weakness in the splincter muscle at the top of the stomach.

50
Q

Where does alkaline digestion take place?

A

In the upper small intestine aka the duodenum as enzymes from the pancreas require an alkaline environment to be active.

51
Q

What does the pancreas release?

A

Pancreatic juice containing bicarbonate, lipases, proteases, and amylase

52
Q

The liver makes bile from what which does what?

A

The liver makes bile from cholesterol which aids in digestion

53
Q
A

Human Biology 116 (18 decks)

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