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Human Biology 116 > Blood Components > Flashcards

Blood Components Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 major components of blood?

A

Plasma, white blood cells, and red blood cells.

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2
Q

Label this diagram.

A

Orange liquid is plasma

Below the plasma is a thin clear layer of white blood cells

The dark red component are red blood cells .

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3
Q

Label this diagram.

A

Top - Red circle - Red Blood cell

Middle - Yellow circle - White blood cell

Bottom - Pinkish bits - Platelets

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4
Q

What is blood plasma?

A

This fluid carries the blood components throughout the body. The main role of plasma is to take nutrients, hormones, and proteins to the parts of the body that need it.

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5
Q

What is blood serum?

A

Serum is the liquid that remains after the clotting of blood, therefore contains proteins not used in blood clotting such as electrolytes, antibodies, antigens and hormones

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6
Q

What is a major component of blood plasma?

A

Water

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7
Q

What is serum albumin?

A

A plasma protein

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8
Q

What are immunoglobins?

A

Produced by plasma cells (white blood cells). They act as a critical part of the immune response by specifically recognizing and binding to particular antigens, such as bacteria or viruses, and aiding in their destruction.

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9
Q

What are Fibrinogens?

A

Fibrinogen is a protein produced by the liver. This protein helps stop bleeding by helping blood clots to form

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10
Q

What are lipoproteins?

A

lipoproteins play a key role in the absorption and transport of dietary lipids by the small intestine

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11
Q

What are regulator proteins in the blood?

A

They regulate clotting factors, cell stimulants, inflammatory proteins, and hormones in the blood.

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12
Q

What are eosinophils?

A

Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell. They help fight off infections and play a role in your body’s immune response. They can also build up and cause inflammation

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13
Q

What is a mast cell?

A

A type of white blood cell that is found in connective tissues all through the body,

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14
Q

What is a basophil?

A

In addition to fighting parasitic infections, basophils play a role in: Preventing blood clotting: Basophils contain heparin. This is a naturally occurring blood-thinning substance.

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15
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Stem cells are cells with the potential to develop into many different types of cells in the body.

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16
Q

What are platelets?

A

Platelets (thrombocytes) are colorless blood cells that help blood clot. Platelets stop bleeding by clumping and forming plugs in blood vessel injuries.

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17
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

The main job of red blood cells/erythrocytes, is to carry oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues and carbon dioxide as a waste product, away from the tissues and back to the lungs.

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18
Q

What are leukocytes aka white blood cells?

A

the cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders.

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19
Q

Label this diagram

A

Red circle - Erythrocytes aka red blood cells

Blue circle - Leukocytes aka white blood cells

Yellow part - Platelets

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20
Q

What are granulocytes?

A

white blood cells that help the immune system fight off infection.

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21
Q

What are monocytes?

A

Larger than granulocytes in terms of the unilobar nuclei.

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22
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell that is part of the immune system. There are two main types of lymphocytes: B cells and T cells. The count of these in our body can tell a doctor whether we are sick or not.

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23
Q

What do T cells do?

A

T cells (also called T lymphocytes) are one of the major components of the adaptive immune system. Their roles include directly killing infected host cells, activating other immune cells, producing cytokines and regulating the immune response.

24
Q

What do B cells do?

A

B-cells fight bacteria and viruses by making Y-shaped proteins called antibodies, which are specific to each pathogen and are able to lock onto the surface of an invading cell and mark it for destruction by other immune cells such as T cells

25
Q

During organ transplants which cells are more likely to reject the new organ?

A

T cells

26
Q

What is oxyhemoglobin?

A

a bright red substance formed by the combination of haemoglobin with oxygen, present in oxygenated blood.

27
Q

Label this diagram

A

Refer to picture

28
Q

What does the Oral cavity do?

A

The oral cavity represents the first part of the digestive tube. Its primary function is to serve as the entrance of the alimentary tract and to initiate the digestive process by salivation and propulsion of the alimentary bolus into the pharynx

29
Q

What is the function of the pleural membrane?

A

The function of the pleura is to allow optimal expansion and contraction of the lungs during breathing.

30
Q

What is the function of the intercostal muscles?

A

the internal intercostal muscles relax and the external intercostal muscles contract, pulling the ribcage upwards and outwards to aid in the respiratory process.

31
Q

What is the function of the diaphram?

A

The diaphragm, located below the lungs, is the major muscle of respiration. It is a large, dome-shaped muscle that contracts rhythmically and continually, and most of the time, involuntarily.

32
Q

What is the function of the nasal cavity?

A

The nasal cavity is the inside of your nose. It is lined with a mucous membrane that helps keep your nose moist by making mucus so you won’t get nosebleeds from a dry nose. There are also little hairs that help filter the air you breathe in, blocking dirt and dust from getting into your lungs.

33
Q

What is the function of the pharynx aka throat?

A

the pharynx is part of the conducting zone for air into the lungs. Therefore, one of its primary functions is to warm and humidify air before it reaches the lungs.

34
Q

What is the function of the Trachea? Aka windpipe

A

The primary function of the trachea is to transport air to and from the lungs

35
Q

What is the function of the bronchus?

A

They are airways branching from the tranchea and entering the lungs

36
Q

What do lungs do and what are they?

A

Loved elastic organs of breathing which enhance gas exchange between the internal environment and outside air

37
Q

What is the bronchial tree?

A

Increasingly branched airways starting with two bronchi and ending at air sacs of lung tissue

38
Q

Label this diagram

A

refer to picture

39
Q

Label this

A

Overall - Alveolar sac

Thin things on outside - Pulmonary capillarys

40
Q

True or False

The Air and blood are very close contact

A

True

41
Q

What happens during the inhalation of the lungs?

A

During inhalation, the lungs expand with air and oxygen diffuses across the lung’s surface, entering the bloodstream

42
Q

What happens during the exhalation of the lungs?

A

During exhalation, the lungs expel air and lung volume decreases.

43
Q

Which diagram represents compatible and incompatible blood cells

A

Left - Compatible

Right - incompatible

44
Q

What happens if a donor donates blood to a recipient with a different blood type?

example B - A

A

The red blood cells from the donor agglutinate (stick together forming a mass) causing them to either burst distrupting kidney function or clump blocking blood flow in capillaries leading to strokes.

45
Q

How is red blood cell count contolled (aka homeostasis of RBC)?

A

Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone produced primarily by the kidneys, with small amounts made by the liver. EPO plays a key role in the production of red blood cells which are developed in red bone marrow. Therefore the kidney controlls the red blood cell count in the body.

46
Q

What is a common treatment given to bone cancer patients that is related to the kidneys?

A

The hormone erythropoietin.

47
Q

How is a blood vessel fixed after an injury such as a cut to the skin?

A

The wall of the vessel contracts, platelets then stick to the collagen fibres of the damaged vessel with the help of fibrin threads until a more permanent clot can form and no more bleeding can occur.

48
Q

How are platelets formed in regards to fixing an injury to a blood vessel?

A

Thrombopoietin is a glycoprotein hormone produced by the liver and kidney which regulates the production of platelets as It stimulates the production and differentiation of megakaryocytes, the bone marrow cells that bud off large numbers of platelets that are used to clog holes in blood vessels.

49
Q

What is EDTA in terms of blood?

A

It is an acids which functions to stop blood clotting by binding to calcium in the blood.

50
Q

What are fibrin threads?

A

When tissue damage results in bleeding, fibrinogen is converted at the wound into fibrin by the action of thrombin, a clotting enzyme. Fibrin molecules then combine to form long fibrin threads that entangle platelets, building up a spongy mass that gradually hardens and contracts to form the blood clot.

51
Q

What does a low WBC count indicate?

A

A low white blood cell count usually is caused by: Viral infections that temporarily disrupt the work of bone marrow. or Certain disorders present at birth (congenital) that involve diminished bone marrow function

52
Q

What does a high WBC count indicate?

A

A high white blood cell count usually indicates: An increased production of white blood cells to fight an infection. A reaction to a drug that increases white blood cell production. A disease of bone marrow, causing abnormally high production of white blood cells.

53
Q

What is the difference between normal red blood cells and iron-deficient blood cells?

A

Iron deficient blood cells appear less healthy giving an orange/yellow colour compared to the red colour that you would expect and your blood cells require iron to produce hemoglobin.

54
Q

What is chronic myelogenous leukemia?

A

A slowly progressing and uncommon type of blood-cell cancer that begins in the bone marrow. It involves the individuals white blood cells becoming abnormal as they croud out normal cells in the blood.

55
Q

What is sickle cell disease?

A

A group of disorders that cause red blood cells to become misshapen and break down.

With sickle cell disease, an inherited group of disorders, red blood cells contort into a sickle shape. The cells die early, leaving a shortage of healthy red blood cells (sickle cell anaemia) and can block blood flow causing pain (sickle cell crisis).

56
Q

What type of mutation causes sickle cell disease and how does this affect the physical shape of the blood cell?

A

Missense mutation, the red blood cell becomes thin and semi circular similar to a half moon

57
Q

What is the difference between T and B cells?

A

T cells can only recognize viral antigens outside the infected cells whereas B cells can recognize the surface antigens of bacteria and viruses

Human Biology 116 (18 decks)

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