David lecture 1

Question 1

What are microorganisms?

Answer 1

a microscopic organism, especially a bacterium, virus, or fungus.

Question 2

What is innate defence?

Answer 2

The first line of defense against non-self pathogens is the innate, or non-specific, immune response. The innate immune response consists of physical, chemical and cellular defenses against pathogens

Question 3

What is barrier defence?

Answer 3

Barrier defenses are part of the body’s most basic defense mechanisms. The barrier defenses are not a response to infections, but they are continuously working to protect against a broad range of pathogens. aka skin, membrane linings, mucus ect.

Question 4

What is the goal of a virus?

Answer 4

To infect human cells

Question 5

Define the immune system.

Answer 5

A complex network of cells, tissues, organs, and the substances they make that helps the body fight infections and other diseases

Question 6

What is the innate immune response?

Answer 6

The innate immune response consists of physical, chemical and cellular defenses against pathogens. The main purpose of the innate immune response is to immediately prevent the spread and movement of foreign pathogens throughout the body.

Question 7

What is the adaptive immune response?

Answer 7

the adaptive immunity is activated by exposure to pathogens, and uses an immunological memory to learn about the threat and enhance the immune response accordingly.

Question 8

What is the different between the innate immune response and the adaptive immune response?

Answer 8

The innate immune response is activated by chemical properties of the antigen. Adaptive immunity refers to antigen-specific immune response. The adaptive immune response is more complex than the innate. … Adaptive immunity also includes a “memory” that makes future responses against a specific antigen more efficient. Aka adaptive is smarter.

Question 9

Are B and T cells innate or adaptive?

Answer 9

Adaptive

Question 10

How does our immune system distinguish self from nonself?

Answer 10

The immune system can make this distinction because all cells have identification molecules (antigens) on their surface. Microorganisms are recognized because the identification molecules on their surface are foreign.

Question 11

Can white blood cells distinguish self from nonself?

Answer 11

Yes by T cells)

Question 12

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 12

Phagocytosis is the process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle, giving rise to an internal compartment called the phagosome.

Question 13

What is phagocytosis defence?

Answer 13

Phagocytosis is a nonspecific defense mechanism in which various phagocytes engulf and destroy the microorganisms of disease. They are natural killer cells

Question 14

What are antimicrobial peptides?

Answer 14

Host defence peptides that have the ability to kill microbial pathogens directly by disrupting membrane integrity of microbes

Question 15

What are interferons?

Answer 15

Interferons are proteins that are part of your natural defenses. They tell your immune system that germs or cancer cells are in your body. And they trigger killer immune cells to fight those invaders. Interferons got their name because they “interfere” with viruses and keep them from multiplying

Question 16

What is a inflammatory response?

Answer 16

The inflammatory response (inflammation) occurs when tissues are injured. The damaged cells release chemicals These chemicals cause blood vessels to leak fluid into the tissues, causing swelling.

Question 17

What is histamine?

Answer 17

Histamine is a chemical released by your mast cells when you encounter an allergen

Question 18

True or False? Some specific white blood cells can recognise antigens.

Answer 18

True

Question 19

What are B and T cell receptors?

Answer 19

B cells produce and secrete antibodies, activating the immune system to destroy the pathogens. T cells directly kill infected host cells, activating other immune cells

Question 20

What are antibodies?

Answer 20

A blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen

Question 21

What is the difference between b and t cells

Answer 21

The main difference between T cells and B cells is that T cells can only recognize viral antigens outside the infected cells whereas B cells can recognize the surface antigens of bacteria and viruses

Question 22

What are dendritic cells?

Answer 22

responsible for the initiation of adaptive immune responses

Question 23

What are Helper T cells?

Answer 23

Helper T cells are arguably the most important cells in adaptive immunity, as they are required for almost all adaptive immune responses. They not only help activate B cells to secrete antibodies and macrophages to destroy ingested microbes, but they also help activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected target cells.

Question 24

What are Cytotoxic T cells?

Answer 24

Cytotoxic T cells are effector cells that destroy virus-infected cells, tumor cells, and tissue grafts that exist in the cytosol, or contiguous nuclear compartment.

Question 25

How are B cells activated?

Answer 25

B-cells are activated by the binding of antigen to receptors on its cell surface which causes the cell to divide and proliferate

Question 26

What are immune effector cells?

Answer 26

Immune effector cells are cells from the human body that have differentiated into a form capable of modulating or effecting an immune response.

Question 27

What is a humoral immune response?

Answer 27

The humoral immune system deals with antigens from pathogens that are freely circulating, or outside the infected cells.

Question 28

True or False? Active or effector cells are short lived.

Answer 28

True

Question 29

True or False? Memory cells are short lasting cells

Answer 29

False - Long lasting

Question 30

True or False? Memory Tc, Th, and B cells are specific for the same virus aka antigen

Answer 30

True

Question 31

What are memory cells?

Answer 31

A cell in the immune system that, when exposed to an invading pathogen, replicates itself and remains in the lymph nodes searching for the same antigen, resulting in a more efficient and rapid response to any subsequent attack.

Question 32

What is a secondary immune response?

Answer 32

Secondary Immune Response is the reaction of the immune system when it contacts an antigen for the second and subsequent times.

Question 33

What is a vaccine?

Answer 33

A vaccine is a substance that helps protect against certain diseases. It is a version of a pathogen incapable of causing diseases.

Question 34

What is the purpose of taking a vaccine?

Answer 34

After getting vaccinated, you develop immunity to that disease, without having to get the disease first.