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Minerals Flashcards

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1
Q

What are minerals?

A

Inorganic substances that are essential for various bodily functions.

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2
Q

True or False: Minerals are organic compounds required by the body.

A

False

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3
Q

Name two major categories of minerals.

A

Macrominerals and trace minerals.

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4
Q

What is the primary function of calcium in the body?

A

To build and maintain strong bones and teeth.

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5
Q

Which mineral is essential for oxygen transport in the blood?

A

Iron.

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6
Q

Fill in the blank: _______ is important for thyroid hormone production.

A

Iodine.

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7
Q

What mineral is crucial for muscle contraction?

A

Calcium.

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8
Q

True or False: Potassium helps regulate fluid balance in the body.

A

True

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9
Q

What is the role of sodium in the body?

A

To help maintain fluid balance and nerve function.

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10
Q

Which mineral is often associated with preventing anemia?

A

Iron.

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11
Q

What is the recommended daily intake of magnesium for adults?

A

Approximately 400-420 mg for men and 310-320 mg for women.

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12
Q

Fill in the blank: _______ supports the immune system and helps wounds heal.

A

Zinc.

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13
Q

What mineral is important for maintaining healthy blood pressure?

A

Potassium.

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14
Q

True or False: Trace minerals are needed in larger amounts than macrominerals.

A

False

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15
Q

Which mineral is known to help with enzyme functions in the body?

A

Zinc.

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16
Q

What is the primary source of dietary calcium?

A

Dairy products.

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17
Q

Name a food high in iron.

A

Red meat.

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18
Q

What is the function of phosphorus in the body?

A

To form bones and teeth, and to assist in energy production.

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19
Q

True or False: Selenium is a trace mineral that acts as an antioxidant.

A

True

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20
Q

Which mineral is essential for the formation of hemoglobin?

A

Iron.

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21
Q

Fill in the blank: _______ is important for nerve function and muscle contraction.

A

Calcium.

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22
Q

What is the result of a deficiency in potassium?

A

Muscle weakness and cramping.

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23
Q

What mineral helps with blood clotting?

A

Calcium.

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24
Q

Name a good source of magnesium.

A

Nuts and seeds.

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25
Q

True or False: Calcium supplements can help prevent osteoporosis.

A

True

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26
Q

What mineral is needed for proper thyroid function?

A

Iodine.

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27
Q

What is the role of chromium in the body?

A

To enhance insulin action and regulate blood sugar levels.

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28
Q

Fill in the blank: _______ is a mineral that supports bone health.

A

Phosphorus.

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29
Q

Which mineral is linked to improved cognitive function?

A

Zinc.

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30
Q

What can excessive sodium intake lead to?

A

High blood pressure.

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31
Q

True or False: All minerals are equally important for health.

A

True

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32
Q

What is the primary function of fluoride?

A

To prevent dental cavities.

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33
Q

Name the mineral that is vital for collagen formation.

A

Copper.

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34
Q

What does PTH stand for?

A

Parathyroid Hormone

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35
Q

True or False: PTH increases calcium levels in the blood.

A

True

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36
Q

Fill in the blank: PTH is produced by the ______ glands.

A

parathyroid

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37
Q

Which organ is primarily responsible for the action of PTH on calcium levels?

A

Kidney

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38
Q

Multiple Choice: What effect does PTH have on bone tissue?

A

It promotes the release of calcium from bones.

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39
Q

Short Answer: How does PTH affect renal calcium reabsorption?

A

It increases renal calcium reabsorption.

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40
Q

True or False: PTH decreases the absorption of calcium in the intestines.

A

False

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41
Q

What is the primary role of PTH in calcium homeostasis?

A

To increase blood calcium levels.

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42
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following conditions can result from excessive PTH secretion?

A

Hyperparathyroidism

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43
Q

Fill in the blank: PTH stimulates the conversion of ______ to its active form in the kidneys.

A

Vitamin D

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44
Q

What is the primary function of calcitonin?

A

To lower blood calcium levels.

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45
Q

True or False: Calcitonin is produced by the thyroid gland.

A

True.

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46
Q

Fill in the blank: Calcitonin inhibits the activity of __________.

A

osteoclasts.

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47
Q

Which hormone works in opposition to calcitonin?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH).

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48
Q

Multiple Choice: Calcitonin is most commonly used in the treatment of which condition?
A) Diabetes
B) Osteoporosis
C) Hypertension
D) Asthma

A

B) Osteoporosis.

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49
Q

What type of cells in the thyroid gland produce calcitonin?

A

C cells (parafollicular cells).

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50
Q

True or False: Calcitonin is a peptide hormone.

A

True.

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51
Q

What effect does calcitonin have on renal function?

A

It promotes the excretion of calcium in the urine.

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52
Q

Short Answer: How does calcitonin affect bone density?

A

It increases bone density by inhibiting bone resorption.

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53
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a known effect of calcitonin?
A) Decreased renal calcium reabsorption
B) Increased blood calcium levels
C) Inhibition of osteoclast activity
D) Reduction of bone resorption

A

B) Increased blood calcium levels.

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54
Q

What is oxyhemoglobin?

A

Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin that is bound to oxygen.

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55
Q

What is the primary function of oxyhemoglobin?

A

The primary function of oxyhemoglobin is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues.

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56
Q

True or False: Methemoglobin can carry oxygen.

A

False: Methemoglobin cannot effectively carry oxygen.

57
Q

What causes the formation of methemoglobin?

A

Methemoglobin is formed when the iron in hemoglobin is oxidized from ferrous (Fe2+) to ferric (Fe3+) state.

58
Q

Fill in the blank: Sulfhemoglobin is formed when hemoglobin combines with _____.

A

sulfur

59
Q

What is the effect of sulfhemoglobin on oxygen transport?

A

Sulfhemoglobin impairs the ability of hemoglobin to transport oxygen.

60
Q

What is deoxyhemoglobin?

A

Deoxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin that is not bound to oxygen.

61
Q

Which type of hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen, oxyhemoglobin or deoxyhemoglobin?

A

Oxyhemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than deoxyhemoglobin.

62
Q

True or False: Oxyhemoglobin is more stable than methemoglobin.

A

True.

63
Q

What is a common cause of methemoglobinemia?

A

Exposure to certain drugs, chemicals, or high levels of nitrates can cause methemoglobinemia.

64
Q

How can methemoglobinemia be treated?

A

Methemoglobinemia can be treated with methylene blue or ascorbic acid.

65
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a characteristic of sulfhemoglobin? A) It carries oxygen B) It is formed by sulfur C) It is a normal component of blood

A

B) It is formed by sulfur

66
Q

What is the main difference between oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin?

A

The main difference is that oxyhemoglobin is bound to oxygen, while deoxyhemoglobin is not.

67
Q

True or False: Deoxyhemoglobin is actively involved in oxygen release to tissues.

A

True.

68
Q

Fill in the blank: The presence of methemoglobin in the blood can lead to _____ (condition).

A

cyanosis

69
Q

What color does blood containing methemoglobin typically appear?

A

Brownish or chocolate-colored.

70
Q

Multiple Choice: Which hemoglobin variant is considered a non-functional form? A) Oxyhemoglobin B) Deoxyhemoglobin C) Methemoglobin

A

C) Methemoglobin

71
Q

What role does the enzyme cytochrome b5 reductase play?

A

It reduces methemoglobin back to hemoglobin.

72
Q

True or False: Sulfhemoglobin can be easily reversed back to functional hemoglobin.

A

False.

73
Q

What is the impact of sulfhemoglobin on blood oxygen levels?

A

It decreases the effective oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.

74
Q

Fill in the blank: The _____ curve describes the oxygen-binding capacity of hemoglobin.

A

sigmoid

75
Q

What physiological condition can lead to increased levels of deoxyhemoglobin?

A

Hypoxia or low oxygen availability.

76
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following conditions is associated with increased methemoglobin levels? A) Anemia B) Carbon monoxide poisoning C) Exposure to certain medications

A

C) Exposure to certain medications

77
Q

What is the primary risk associated with elevated levels of methemoglobin?

A

Risk of tissue hypoxia due to reduced oxygen delivery.

78
Q

Fill in the blank: The conversion of oxyhemoglobin to deoxyhemoglobin occurs when oxygen is _____ by tissues.

A

released

79
Q

True or False: The formation of sulfhemoglobin is reversible.

A

False.

80
Q

What is the significance of the oxygen dissociation curve?

A

It illustrates how readily hemoglobin acquires and releases oxygen.

81
Q

What happens to the color of blood when it is oxygenated?

A

It turns bright red.

82
Q

Multiple Choice: Which hemoglobin form is primarily responsible for oxygen transport? A) Methemoglobin B) Oxyhemoglobin C) Sulfhemoglobin

A

B) Oxyhemoglobin

83
Q

What is transferrin?

A

Transferrin is a glycoprotein that binds iron in the bloodstream and transports it to various tissues.

84
Q

True or False: Ferritin is a protein that stores iron in the body.

A

True

85
Q

What does TIBC stand for?

A

TIBC stands for Total Iron Binding Capacity.

86
Q

Fill in the blank: Hemosiderin is an intracellular storage form of ______.

A

iron

87
Q

What is the primary function of ferritin?

A

The primary function of ferritin is to store and release iron in a controlled manner.

88
Q

How is transferrin saturation calculated?

A

Transferrin saturation is calculated by dividing serum iron by TIBC and multiplying by 100.

89
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a key difference between ferritin and hemosiderin? A) Ferritin is soluble, B) Hemosiderin is a major iron transport protein, C) Ferritin is found only in the liver.

A

A) Ferritin is soluble.

90
Q

What can elevated levels of hemosiderin indicate?

A

Elevated levels of hemosiderin can indicate iron overload conditions such as hemochromatosis.

91
Q

True or False: TIBC measures the amount of transferrin in the blood.

A

True

92
Q

What is a normal range for serum ferritin levels in adults?

A

The normal range for serum ferritin levels in adults is typically 30 to 300 ng/mL.

93
Q

Fill in the blank: Low transferrin levels can indicate ______ deficiency.

A

iron

94
Q

Short answer: What role does transferrin play in iron metabolism?

A

Transferrin binds iron absorbed from the diet and transports it to the bone marrow and other tissues.

95
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following conditions can lead to increased TIBC? A) Iron deficiency anemia, B) Hemochromatosis, C) Chronic inflammation.

A

A) Iron deficiency anemia.

96
Q

What is the relationship between ferritin and hemosiderin?

A

Ferritin is a readily available form of iron storage, while hemosiderin is an insoluble, less accessible form of storage.

97
Q

True or False: A low TIBC indicates iron overload.

A

True

98
Q

What laboratory test is commonly used to assess iron status?

A

Serum ferritin test.

99
Q

Fill in the blank: Transferrin transports iron from the intestines to the ______.

A

bone marrow

100
Q

Short answer: Why is iron important for the body?

A

Iron is essential for the formation of hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood.

101
Q

Multiple Choice: Which protein acts as the primary iron storage form in the liver? A) Transferrin, B) Ferritin, C) Hemoglobin.

A

B) Ferritin.

102
Q

What does a high level of serum ferritin indicate?

A

A high level of serum ferritin may indicate iron overload or inflammation.

103
Q

True or False: Hemosiderin can be found in macrophages in the liver and spleen.

A

True

104
Q

What is the primary source of iron for transferrin?

A

Dietary iron absorbed in the intestines.

105
Q

Fill in the blank: TIBC is often elevated in cases of ______ anemia.

A

iron deficiency

106
Q

Short answer: How does chronic disease affect iron metabolism?

A

Chronic disease can lead to decreased iron availability and altered iron metabolism, often resulting in low TIBC.

107
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following factors can lower serum ferritin levels? A) Chronic inflammation, B) Hemolytic anemia, C) Pregnancy.

A

A) Chronic inflammation.

108
Q

What is the significance of measuring TIBC in clinical practice?

A

Measuring TIBC helps assess the body’s ability to transport iron and diagnose different types of anemia.

109
Q

What is ceruloplasmin?

A

Ceruloplasmin is a copper-carrying protein in the blood.

110
Q

True or False: Ceruloplasmin is responsible for the transport of iron in the body.

A

False

111
Q

What role does ceruloplasmin play in copper metabolism?

A

Ceruloplasmin helps in the transport and metabolism of copper in the body.

112
Q

Fill in the blank: Wilson’s disease is characterized by excessive accumulation of ______ in the body.

A

copper

113
Q

What is the genetic basis of Wilson’s disease?

A

Wilson’s disease is caused by mutations in the ATP7B gene.

114
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a symptom of Wilson’s disease? A) Jaundice B) Diabetes C) Neurological symptoms D) All of the above

A

D) All of the above

115
Q

What is the normal function of ceruloplasmin regarding iron?

A

Ceruloplasmin oxidizes ferrous iron (Fe2+) to ferric iron (Fe3+), facilitating its transport.

116
Q

True or False: Low levels of ceruloplasmin are associated with Wilson’s disease.

A

True

117
Q

What is a common diagnostic test for Wilson’s disease?

A

Measurement of serum ceruloplasmin levels.

118
Q

Fill in the blank: In Wilson’s disease, copper accumulation primarily occurs in the ______.

A

liver

119
Q

What are the potential complications of untreated Wilson’s disease?

A

Liver failure, neurological damage, and psychiatric disorders.

120
Q

Multiple Choice: Which treatment is commonly used for Wilson’s disease? A) Antidepressants B) Copper chelators C) Insulin D) Antibiotics

A

B) Copper chelators

121
Q

What is the primary role of the ATP7B protein in copper homeostasis?

A

ATP7B facilitates the excretion of excess copper into bile.

122
Q

True or False: Wilson’s disease can be managed with dietary copper restriction.

A

True

123
Q

What is the importance of early diagnosis in Wilson’s disease?

A

Early diagnosis can prevent irreversible organ damage.

124
Q

Fill in the blank: Symptoms of Wilson’s disease may first appear in ______.

A

childhood or early adulthood

125
Q

What is the relationship between ceruloplasmin and oxidative stress?

A

Ceruloplasmin has antioxidant properties that help reduce oxidative stress.

126
Q

Multiple Choice: Which organ is primarily affected by Wilson’s disease? A) Heart B) Liver C) Kidney D) Lungs

A

B) Liver

127
Q

What is the significance of urine copper tests in diagnosing Wilson’s disease?

A

Urine copper tests measure the amount of copper excreted, which is elevated in Wilson’s disease.

128
Q

True or False: Ceruloplasmin levels are elevated in Wilson’s disease.

A

False

129
Q

What is the consequence of untreated Wilson’s disease on mental health?

A

It can lead to mood swings, depression, and cognitive decline.

130
Q

Fill in the blank: The accumulation of copper in the brain can lead to ______.

A

neurological symptoms

131
Q

What is the role of zinc in the management of Wilson’s disease?

A

Zinc reduces copper absorption from the gastrointestinal tract.

132
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a treatment for Wilson’s disease? A) Penicillamine B) Zinc C) Aspirin D) Trientine

A

C) Aspirin

133
Q

What is a common laboratory finding in Wilson’s disease?

A

Low serum ceruloplasmin and high urinary copper excretion.

134
Q

What is the primary role of pyruvate in cellular metabolism?

A

Pyruvate serves as a key intermediate in the conversion of glucose to energy, entering the citric acid cycle or being converted to lactate under anaerobic conditions.

135
Q

True or False: Lactate is produced only during aerobic respiration.

A

False

136
Q

Fill in the blank: The conversion of glucose to pyruvate occurs through a process called __________.

A

glycolysis

137
Q

Which of the following is a consequence of high levels of lactate in muscles? (a) Increased energy production (b) Muscle fatigue (c) Enhanced oxygen delivery

A

b) Muscle fatigue

138
Q

What happens to pyruvate in the absence of oxygen?

A

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate through lactic acid fermentation.

Clinical Chemistry (11 decks)

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