Minerals Flashcards
What are minerals?
Inorganic substances that are essential for various bodily functions.
True or False: Minerals are organic compounds required by the body.
False
Name two major categories of minerals.
Macrominerals and trace minerals.
What is the primary function of calcium in the body?
To build and maintain strong bones and teeth.
Which mineral is essential for oxygen transport in the blood?
Iron.
Fill in the blank: _______ is important for thyroid hormone production.
Iodine.
What mineral is crucial for muscle contraction?
Calcium.
True or False: Potassium helps regulate fluid balance in the body.
True
What is the role of sodium in the body?
To help maintain fluid balance and nerve function.
Which mineral is often associated with preventing anemia?
Iron.
What is the recommended daily intake of magnesium for adults?
Approximately 400-420 mg for men and 310-320 mg for women.
Fill in the blank: _______ supports the immune system and helps wounds heal.
Zinc.
What mineral is important for maintaining healthy blood pressure?
Potassium.
True or False: Trace minerals are needed in larger amounts than macrominerals.
False
Which mineral is known to help with enzyme functions in the body?
Zinc.
What is the primary source of dietary calcium?
Dairy products.
Name a food high in iron.
Red meat.
What is the function of phosphorus in the body?
To form bones and teeth, and to assist in energy production.
True or False: Selenium is a trace mineral that acts as an antioxidant.
True
Which mineral is essential for the formation of hemoglobin?
Iron.
Fill in the blank: _______ is important for nerve function and muscle contraction.
Calcium.
What is the result of a deficiency in potassium?
Muscle weakness and cramping.
What mineral helps with blood clotting?
Calcium.
Name a good source of magnesium.
Nuts and seeds.
True or False: Calcium supplements can help prevent osteoporosis.
True
What mineral is needed for proper thyroid function?
Iodine.
What is the role of chromium in the body?
To enhance insulin action and regulate blood sugar levels.
Fill in the blank: _______ is a mineral that supports bone health.
Phosphorus.
Which mineral is linked to improved cognitive function?
Zinc.
What can excessive sodium intake lead to?
High blood pressure.
True or False: All minerals are equally important for health.
True
What is the primary function of fluoride?
To prevent dental cavities.
Name the mineral that is vital for collagen formation.
Copper.
What does PTH stand for?
Parathyroid Hormone
True or False: PTH increases calcium levels in the blood.
True
Fill in the blank: PTH is produced by the ______ glands.
parathyroid
Which organ is primarily responsible for the action of PTH on calcium levels?
Kidney
Multiple Choice: What effect does PTH have on bone tissue?
It promotes the release of calcium from bones.
Short Answer: How does PTH affect renal calcium reabsorption?
It increases renal calcium reabsorption.
True or False: PTH decreases the absorption of calcium in the intestines.
False
What is the primary role of PTH in calcium homeostasis?
To increase blood calcium levels.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following conditions can result from excessive PTH secretion?
Hyperparathyroidism
Fill in the blank: PTH stimulates the conversion of ______ to its active form in the kidneys.
Vitamin D
What is the primary function of calcitonin?
To lower blood calcium levels.
True or False: Calcitonin is produced by the thyroid gland.
True.
Fill in the blank: Calcitonin inhibits the activity of __________.
osteoclasts.
Which hormone works in opposition to calcitonin?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH).
Multiple Choice: Calcitonin is most commonly used in the treatment of which condition?
A) Diabetes
B) Osteoporosis
C) Hypertension
D) Asthma
B) Osteoporosis.
What type of cells in the thyroid gland produce calcitonin?
C cells (parafollicular cells).
True or False: Calcitonin is a peptide hormone.
True.
What effect does calcitonin have on renal function?
It promotes the excretion of calcium in the urine.
Short Answer: How does calcitonin affect bone density?
It increases bone density by inhibiting bone resorption.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a known effect of calcitonin?
A) Decreased renal calcium reabsorption
B) Increased blood calcium levels
C) Inhibition of osteoclast activity
D) Reduction of bone resorption
B) Increased blood calcium levels.
What is oxyhemoglobin?
Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin that is bound to oxygen.
What is the primary function of oxyhemoglobin?
The primary function of oxyhemoglobin is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues.
True or False: Methemoglobin can carry oxygen.
False: Methemoglobin cannot effectively carry oxygen.
What causes the formation of methemoglobin?
Methemoglobin is formed when the iron in hemoglobin is oxidized from ferrous (Fe2+) to ferric (Fe3+) state.
Fill in the blank: Sulfhemoglobin is formed when hemoglobin combines with _____.
sulfur
What is the effect of sulfhemoglobin on oxygen transport?
Sulfhemoglobin impairs the ability of hemoglobin to transport oxygen.
What is deoxyhemoglobin?
Deoxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin that is not bound to oxygen.
Which type of hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen, oxyhemoglobin or deoxyhemoglobin?
Oxyhemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than deoxyhemoglobin.
True or False: Oxyhemoglobin is more stable than methemoglobin.
True.
What is a common cause of methemoglobinemia?
Exposure to certain drugs, chemicals, or high levels of nitrates can cause methemoglobinemia.
How can methemoglobinemia be treated?
Methemoglobinemia can be treated with methylene blue or ascorbic acid.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a characteristic of sulfhemoglobin? A) It carries oxygen B) It is formed by sulfur C) It is a normal component of blood
B) It is formed by sulfur
What is the main difference between oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin?
The main difference is that oxyhemoglobin is bound to oxygen, while deoxyhemoglobin is not.
True or False: Deoxyhemoglobin is actively involved in oxygen release to tissues.
True.
Fill in the blank: The presence of methemoglobin in the blood can lead to _____ (condition).
cyanosis
What color does blood containing methemoglobin typically appear?
Brownish or chocolate-colored.
Multiple Choice: Which hemoglobin variant is considered a non-functional form? A) Oxyhemoglobin B) Deoxyhemoglobin C) Methemoglobin
C) Methemoglobin
What role does the enzyme cytochrome b5 reductase play?
It reduces methemoglobin back to hemoglobin.
True or False: Sulfhemoglobin can be easily reversed back to functional hemoglobin.
False.
What is the impact of sulfhemoglobin on blood oxygen levels?
It decreases the effective oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.
Fill in the blank: The _____ curve describes the oxygen-binding capacity of hemoglobin.
sigmoid
What physiological condition can lead to increased levels of deoxyhemoglobin?
Hypoxia or low oxygen availability.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following conditions is associated with increased methemoglobin levels? A) Anemia B) Carbon monoxide poisoning C) Exposure to certain medications
C) Exposure to certain medications
What is the primary risk associated with elevated levels of methemoglobin?
Risk of tissue hypoxia due to reduced oxygen delivery.
Fill in the blank: The conversion of oxyhemoglobin to deoxyhemoglobin occurs when oxygen is _____ by tissues.
released
True or False: The formation of sulfhemoglobin is reversible.
False.
What is the significance of the oxygen dissociation curve?
It illustrates how readily hemoglobin acquires and releases oxygen.
What happens to the color of blood when it is oxygenated?
It turns bright red.
Multiple Choice: Which hemoglobin form is primarily responsible for oxygen transport? A) Methemoglobin B) Oxyhemoglobin C) Sulfhemoglobin
B) Oxyhemoglobin
What is transferrin?
Transferrin is a glycoprotein that binds iron in the bloodstream and transports it to various tissues.
True or False: Ferritin is a protein that stores iron in the body.
True
What does TIBC stand for?
TIBC stands for Total Iron Binding Capacity.
Fill in the blank: Hemosiderin is an intracellular storage form of ______.
iron
What is the primary function of ferritin?
The primary function of ferritin is to store and release iron in a controlled manner.
How is transferrin saturation calculated?
Transferrin saturation is calculated by dividing serum iron by TIBC and multiplying by 100.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a key difference between ferritin and hemosiderin? A) Ferritin is soluble, B) Hemosiderin is a major iron transport protein, C) Ferritin is found only in the liver.
A) Ferritin is soluble.
What can elevated levels of hemosiderin indicate?
Elevated levels of hemosiderin can indicate iron overload conditions such as hemochromatosis.
True or False: TIBC measures the amount of transferrin in the blood.
True
What is a normal range for serum ferritin levels in adults?
The normal range for serum ferritin levels in adults is typically 30 to 300 ng/mL.
Fill in the blank: Low transferrin levels can indicate ______ deficiency.
iron
Short answer: What role does transferrin play in iron metabolism?
Transferrin binds iron absorbed from the diet and transports it to the bone marrow and other tissues.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following conditions can lead to increased TIBC? A) Iron deficiency anemia, B) Hemochromatosis, C) Chronic inflammation.
A) Iron deficiency anemia.
What is the relationship between ferritin and hemosiderin?
Ferritin is a readily available form of iron storage, while hemosiderin is an insoluble, less accessible form of storage.
True or False: A low TIBC indicates iron overload.
True
What laboratory test is commonly used to assess iron status?
Serum ferritin test.
Fill in the blank: Transferrin transports iron from the intestines to the ______.
bone marrow
Short answer: Why is iron important for the body?
Iron is essential for the formation of hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood.
Multiple Choice: Which protein acts as the primary iron storage form in the liver? A) Transferrin, B) Ferritin, C) Hemoglobin.
B) Ferritin.
What does a high level of serum ferritin indicate?
A high level of serum ferritin may indicate iron overload or inflammation.
True or False: Hemosiderin can be found in macrophages in the liver and spleen.
True
What is the primary source of iron for transferrin?
Dietary iron absorbed in the intestines.
Fill in the blank: TIBC is often elevated in cases of ______ anemia.
iron deficiency
Short answer: How does chronic disease affect iron metabolism?
Chronic disease can lead to decreased iron availability and altered iron metabolism, often resulting in low TIBC.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following factors can lower serum ferritin levels? A) Chronic inflammation, B) Hemolytic anemia, C) Pregnancy.
A) Chronic inflammation.
What is the significance of measuring TIBC in clinical practice?
Measuring TIBC helps assess the body’s ability to transport iron and diagnose different types of anemia.
What is ceruloplasmin?
Ceruloplasmin is a copper-carrying protein in the blood.
True or False: Ceruloplasmin is responsible for the transport of iron in the body.
False
What role does ceruloplasmin play in copper metabolism?
Ceruloplasmin helps in the transport and metabolism of copper in the body.
Fill in the blank: Wilson’s disease is characterized by excessive accumulation of ______ in the body.
copper
What is the genetic basis of Wilson’s disease?
Wilson’s disease is caused by mutations in the ATP7B gene.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a symptom of Wilson’s disease? A) Jaundice B) Diabetes C) Neurological symptoms D) All of the above
D) All of the above
What is the normal function of ceruloplasmin regarding iron?
Ceruloplasmin oxidizes ferrous iron (Fe2+) to ferric iron (Fe3+), facilitating its transport.
True or False: Low levels of ceruloplasmin are associated with Wilson’s disease.
True
What is a common diagnostic test for Wilson’s disease?
Measurement of serum ceruloplasmin levels.
Fill in the blank: In Wilson’s disease, copper accumulation primarily occurs in the ______.
liver
What are the potential complications of untreated Wilson’s disease?
Liver failure, neurological damage, and psychiatric disorders.
Multiple Choice: Which treatment is commonly used for Wilson’s disease? A) Antidepressants B) Copper chelators C) Insulin D) Antibiotics
B) Copper chelators
What is the primary role of the ATP7B protein in copper homeostasis?
ATP7B facilitates the excretion of excess copper into bile.
True or False: Wilson’s disease can be managed with dietary copper restriction.
True
What is the importance of early diagnosis in Wilson’s disease?
Early diagnosis can prevent irreversible organ damage.
Fill in the blank: Symptoms of Wilson’s disease may first appear in ______.
childhood or early adulthood
What is the relationship between ceruloplasmin and oxidative stress?
Ceruloplasmin has antioxidant properties that help reduce oxidative stress.
Multiple Choice: Which organ is primarily affected by Wilson’s disease? A) Heart B) Liver C) Kidney D) Lungs
B) Liver
What is the significance of urine copper tests in diagnosing Wilson’s disease?
Urine copper tests measure the amount of copper excreted, which is elevated in Wilson’s disease.
True or False: Ceruloplasmin levels are elevated in Wilson’s disease.
False
What is the consequence of untreated Wilson’s disease on mental health?
It can lead to mood swings, depression, and cognitive decline.
Fill in the blank: The accumulation of copper in the brain can lead to ______.
neurological symptoms
What is the role of zinc in the management of Wilson’s disease?
Zinc reduces copper absorption from the gastrointestinal tract.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a treatment for Wilson’s disease? A) Penicillamine B) Zinc C) Aspirin D) Trientine
C) Aspirin
What is a common laboratory finding in Wilson’s disease?
Low serum ceruloplasmin and high urinary copper excretion.
What is the primary role of pyruvate in cellular metabolism?
Pyruvate serves as a key intermediate in the conversion of glucose to energy, entering the citric acid cycle or being converted to lactate under anaerobic conditions.
True or False: Lactate is produced only during aerobic respiration.
False
Fill in the blank: The conversion of glucose to pyruvate occurs through a process called __________.
glycolysis
Which of the following is a consequence of high levels of lactate in muscles? (a) Increased energy production (b) Muscle fatigue (c) Enhanced oxygen delivery
b) Muscle fatigue
What happens to pyruvate in the absence of oxygen?
In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate through lactic acid fermentation.
