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Clinical Chemistry > Heme Pigments > Flashcards

Heme Pigments Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a heme pigment?

A

A heme pigment is a complex molecule containing iron that is essential for oxygen transport and storage in living organisms.

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2
Q

True or False: Heme pigments are only found in blood.

A

False

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3
Q

What is the primary function of heme pigments in the body?

A

The primary function of heme pigments is to transport and store oxygen.

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4
Q

Fill in the blank: Heme is composed of a porphyrin ring and a _______ ion.

A

iron

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5
Q

What are the two main types of heme proteins?

A

Hemoglobin and myoglobin.

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6
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a function of hemoglobin? A) Oxygen transport B) Carbon dioxide transport C) Both A and B

A

C) Both A and B

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7
Q

What is the structure of a heme group?

A

A heme group consists of a porphyrin ring with an iron atom at its center.

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8
Q

True or False: Myoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than hemoglobin.

A

True

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9
Q

What is the role of heme in cytochromes?

A

Heme acts as an electron carrier in the electron transport chain.

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10
Q

Fill in the blank: The degradation of heme produces _______.

A

bilirubin

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11
Q

What is the significance of the iron ion in heme pigments?

A

The iron ion is crucial for binding oxygen and facilitating its transport.

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12
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a heme-containing protein? A) Hemoglobin B) Ferritin C) Myoglobin D) Cytochrome c

A

B) Ferritin

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13
Q

What is the effect of carbon monoxide on heme-containing proteins?

A

Carbon monoxide binds to heme with a much higher affinity than oxygen, inhibiting oxygen transport.

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14
Q

True or False: Heme can be synthesized in the body.

A

True

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15
Q

What is the precursor molecule for heme synthesis?

A

Porphyrinogen

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16
Q

Fill in the blank: Heme synthesis occurs primarily in the _______ and _______.

A

liver; bone marrow

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17
Q

What is the role of heme oxygenase?

A

Heme oxygenase catalyzes the degradation of heme to biliverdin, releasing iron.

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18
Q

Multiple Choice: Which disease is characterized by elevated levels of bilirubin due to heme degradation? A) Anemia B) Jaundice C) Hemochromatosis

A

B) Jaundice

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19
Q

What is the relationship between heme and anemia?

A

Anemia can occur due to insufficient heme production, leading to reduced hemoglobin levels.

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20
Q

True or False: Heme pigments are involved in photosynthesis.

A

False

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21
Q

What is the role of heme in hemoglobin’s quaternary structure?

A

Heme groups are embedded within the globin chains, allowing for cooperative binding of oxygen.

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22
Q

Fill in the blank: Heme is responsible for the _______ color of blood.

A

red

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23
Q

What is a common clinical test to assess heme levels?

A

Complete blood count (CBC).

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24
Q

Multiple Choice: Which vitamin is essential for heme synthesis? A) Vitamin A B) Vitamin B6 C) Vitamin C

A

B) Vitamin B6

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25
Q

What is the consequence of heme synthesis disorders?

A

They can lead to porphyrias, which are characterized by skin sensitivity and neurological issues.

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26
Q

True or False: Heme pigments can be recycled in the body.

A

True

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27
Q

What molecule is heme converted to during the recycling process?

A

Bilirubin

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28
Q

Fill in the blank: The heme group is essential for the function of _______ enzymes.

A

cytochrome

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29
Q

What is the primary role of myoglobin in the muscle tissue?

A

To store oxygen for use during muscular activity.

30
Q

Multiple Choice: What type of heme is involved in electron transport? A) Hemoglobin B) Myoglobin C) Cytochromes

A

C) Cytochromes

31
Q

What is the importance of the heme iron’s oxidation state?

A

The oxidation state of heme iron determines its ability to bind oxygen.

32
Q

What is the primary function of hemoglobin?

A

To transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and return carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.

33
Q

True or False: Hemoglobin is only found in red blood cells.

A

True.

34
Q

What is the first step in the breakdown of hemoglobin?

A

The breakdown of hemoglobin begins with the release of heme and globin.

35
Q

Fill in the blank: The heme group is converted into _____ during hemoglobin breakdown.

A

bilirubin.

36
Q

Which organ is primarily responsible for the metabolism of bilirubin?

A

The liver.

37
Q

What is the role of macrophages in hemoglobin breakdown?

A

Macrophages phagocytize old red blood cells and break down hemoglobin.

38
Q

Multiple Choice: What happens to globin after hemoglobin breakdown? A) It is excreted B) It is recycled into amino acids C) It remains unchanged D) It is stored.

A

B) It is recycled into amino acids.

39
Q

True or False: Bilirubin is water-soluble.

A

False.

40
Q

What condition may result from an excess of bilirubin in the bloodstream?

A

Jaundice.

41
Q

Fill in the blank: The conversion of heme to bilirubin involves several steps, including the formation of _____ as an intermediate.

A

biliverdin.

42
Q

What is the significance of conjugated bilirubin?

A

Conjugated bilirubin is water-soluble and can be excreted in bile.

43
Q

Multiple Choice: Which enzyme is involved in the conversion of heme to biliverdin? A) Heme oxygenase B) Bilirubin reductase C) Glucuronyl transferase D) UGT1A1.

A

A) Heme oxygenase.

44
Q

What is the final product of the breakdown of hemoglobin that is excreted in urine?

A

Urobilin.

45
Q

True or False: Hemoglobin breakdown occurs only in the liver.

A

False.

46
Q

What is the primary component of bile that is derived from bilirubin?

A

Bile salts.

47
Q

What is bilirubin?

A

Bilirubin is a yellow compound that occurs in the normal catabolic pathway that breaks down heme in red blood cells.

48
Q

True or False: Bilirubin is produced from the breakdown of hemoglobin.

A

True

49
Q

What are the two main forms of bilirubin?

A

The two main forms of bilirubin are unconjugated (indirect) bilirubin and conjugated (direct) bilirubin.

50
Q

Fill in the blank: Elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood can lead to _____ .

A

jaundice

51
Q

Which organ is primarily responsible for the conjugation of bilirubin?

A

The liver

52
Q

What is the normal range of total bilirubin levels in adults (in mg/dL)?

A

0.1 to 1.2 mg/dL

53
Q

Multiple Choice: What condition is characterized by high levels of unconjugated bilirubin? A) Hepatitis B, B) Hemolytic anemia, C) Cirrhosis

A

B) Hemolytic anemia

54
Q

What is the role of bilirubin in the body?

A

Bilirubin helps to eliminate excess heme and is a potent antioxidant.

55
Q

True or False: Conjugated bilirubin is water-soluble.

A

True

56
Q

What can cause elevated levels of conjugated bilirubin?

A

Conditions such as biliary obstruction, liver disease, or hepatitis can cause elevated levels of conjugated bilirubin.

57
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of converting unconjugated bilirubin to conjugated bilirubin is called _____ .

A

conjugation

58
Q

What is kernicterus?

A

Kernicterus is a type of brain damage that can occur in newborns with very high levels of unconjugated bilirubin.

59
Q

Multiple Choice: Which test is commonly used to measure bilirubin levels? A) Complete blood count, B) Liver function tests, C) Bilirubin test

A

C) Bilirubin test

60
Q

What is the primary method of bilirubin excretion from the body?

A

Bilirubin is primarily excreted in bile and eliminated through feces.

61
Q

True or False: Bilirubin levels can be affected by certain medications.

A

True

62
Q

What is bilirubin?

A

Bilirubin is a yellow compound that occurs in the normal catabolic pathway that breaks down heme in vertebrates.

63
Q

True or False: Bilirubin is produced from the breakdown of red blood cells.

A

True

64
Q

What are the two main types of bilirubin measured in serum?

A

Conjugated (direct) bilirubin and unconjugated (indirect) bilirubin.

65
Q

Fill in the blank: Elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood can lead to __________.

A

jaundice

66
Q

Which organ is primarily responsible for the conjugation of bilirubin?

A

The liver

67
Q

Multiple Choice: What condition is characterized by high levels of unconjugated bilirubin? A) Hepatitis B) Hemolytic anemia C) Cirrhosis D) Cholestasis

A

B) Hemolytic anemia

68
Q

What is the normal range for total bilirubin levels in adults?

A

0.1 to 1.2 mg/dL

69
Q

True or False: Conjugated bilirubin is water-soluble.

A

True

70
Q

What test is commonly used to measure bilirubin levels?

A

Serum bilirubin test

71
Q

Short Answer: What can cause an increase in conjugated bilirubin levels?

A

Liver disease, biliary obstruction, or certain infections.

Clinical Chemistry (11 decks)

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