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Clinical Chemistry > Hormones > Flashcards

Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

What are hormones?

A

Hormones are chemical messengers that regulate various functions in the body.

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2
Q

True or False: Hormones are only produced by the endocrine glands.

A

True

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3
Q

Fill in the blank: The main function of hormones is to __________ bodily functions.

A

regulate

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4
Q

Which gland is known as the ‘master gland’?

A

Pituitary gland

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5
Q

What hormone is responsible for regulating metabolism?

A

Thyroxine

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6
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following hormones is produced by the pancreas? A) Insulin B) Adrenaline C) Estrogen

A

A) Insulin

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7
Q

What hormone is released in response to stress?

A

Cortisol

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8
Q

True or False: Hormones can only have effects on the organs that produce them.

A

False

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9
Q

Which hormone regulates blood sugar levels?

A

Insulin

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10
Q

Fill in the blank: __________ is the hormone responsible for the fight-or-flight response.

A

Adrenaline

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11
Q

What role does estrogen play in the female body?

A

Regulation of the menstrual cycle and development of female secondary sexual characteristics.

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12
Q

Multiple Choice: Which hormone is primarily involved in water retention? A) Aldosterone B) Testosterone C) Progesterone

A

A) Aldosterone

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13
Q

What is the primary function of testosterone?

A

Development of male reproductive tissues and secondary sexual characteristics.

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14
Q

True or False: Hormones can influence mood and behavior.

A

True

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15
Q

What hormone is responsible for stimulating milk production?

A

Prolactin

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16
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ gland produces melatonin, which regulates sleep-wake cycles.

A

Pineal

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17
Q

Which hormone is often referred to as the ‘love hormone’?

A

Oxytocin

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18
Q

Multiple Choice: Which gland produces adrenaline? A) Thyroid B) Adrenal C) Pituitary

A

B) Adrenal

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19
Q

What is the role of glucagon in the body?

A

To increase blood glucose levels.

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20
Q

True or False: Hormones can have both short-term and long-term effects.

A

True

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21
Q

What hormone is involved in the regulation of the sleep cycle?

A

Melatonin

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22
Q

Fill in the blank: __________ is the hormone that promotes the development of sperm.

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

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23
Q

What is the primary function of the thyroid hormones?

A

Regulation of metabolism and energy production.

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24
Q

Multiple Choice: Which hormone decreases during stress? A) Cortisol B) Insulin C) Adrenaline

A

B) Insulin

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25
Q

What effect does insulin have on blood glucose levels?

A

It lowers blood glucose levels.

26
Q

True or False: Hormones can only act on specific target cells.

A

True

27
Q

What is the function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A

Regulation of calcium levels in the blood.

28
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ hormone is responsible for the maturation of the ovarian follicles.

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

29
Q

What is the main effect of growth hormone?

A

Stimulates growth and cell reproduction.

30
Q

Multiple Choice: Which hormone is primarily involved in the stress response? A) Cortisol B) Estrogen C) Insulin

A

A) Cortisol

31
Q

What effect does oxytocin have during childbirth?

A

It stimulates uterine contractions.

32
Q

True or False: Hormones can be classified as either steroid or peptide hormones.

A

True

33
Q

What hormone is primarily responsible for the body’s circadian rhythms?

A

Melatonin

34
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ hormone promotes sodium retention in the kidneys.

A

Aldosterone

35
Q

What is the role of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?

A

To stimulate the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.

36
Q

What are catecholamines?

A

Catecholamines are hormones produced by the adrenal glands, including epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine.

37
Q

True or False: Dopamine is a type of catecholamine.

A

True

38
Q

What is the primary role of dopamine in the brain?

A

Dopamine plays a key role in reward, motivation, memory, attention, and regulation of body movements.

39
Q

Fill in the blank: The main metabolites of catecholamines are ______ and ______.

A

HVA and VMA

40
Q

What does HVA stand for?

A

HVA stands for homovanillic acid.

41
Q

What does VMA stand for?

A

VMA stands for vanillylmandelic acid.

42
Q

True or False: VMA is primarily associated with the metabolism of norepinephrine.

A

False

43
Q

What type of tumor is a pheochromocytoma?

A

A pheochromocytoma is a tumor of the adrenal gland that secretes catecholamines.

44
Q

What symptoms are commonly associated with pheochromocytoma?

A

Symptoms include hypertension, headaches, sweating, and palpitations.

45
Q

What condition is characterized by high levels of catecholamines in the urine?

A

Pheochromocytoma

46
Q

What is neuroblastoma?

A

Neuroblastoma is a type of cancer that develops from immature nerve cells, often found in the adrenal glands or along the spinal cord.

47
Q

True or False: Neuroblastoma is the most common cancer in infants.

A

True

48
Q

What is the primary age group affected by neuroblastoma?

A

Neuroblastoma primarily affects children under the age of 5.

49
Q

How can catecholamine levels be used in diagnosing neuroblastoma?

A

Elevated levels of HVA and VMA in urine can indicate the presence of neuroblastoma.

50
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a catecholamine? A) Epinephrine B) Norepinephrine C) Serotonin D) Dopamine

A

C) Serotonin

51
Q

What is the relationship between neuroblastoma and catecholamines?

A

Neuroblastoma can produce catecholamines, leading to elevated levels of HVA and VMA.

52
Q

Fill in the blank: The adrenal medulla primarily produces ______ and ______.

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

53
Q

True or False: Catecholamines are derived from the amino acid tyrosine.

A

True

54
Q

What effect do catecholamines have on the body?

A

Catecholamines prepare the body for ‘fight or flight’ by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and energy availability.

55
Q

What diagnostic tests are used to measure catecholamine levels?

A

Urine tests for HVA and VMA, and blood tests for catecholamines.

56
Q

Multiple Choice: Which condition is characterized by excess catecholamine production? A) Pheochromocytoma B) Diabetes C) Hypertension D) All of the above

A

A) Pheochromocytoma

57
Q

What is the significance of HVA in pediatric oncology?

A

HVA is a marker for neuroblastoma and can help in monitoring treatment response.

58
Q

What is a common treatment approach for pheochromocytoma?

A

Surgical removal of the tumor is the common treatment for pheochromocytoma.

59
Q

Fill in the blank: High levels of ______ in the urine can indicate the presence of neuroblastoma.

A

VMA

60
Q

True or False: Neuroblastoma can spontaneously regress in some cases.

A

True

Clinical Chemistry (11 decks)

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