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Enzymes Flashcards

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1
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in the body.

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2
Q

True or False: Enzymes are consumed in the reactions they catalyze.

A

False

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3
Q

Fill in the blank: Enzymes are primarily made up of ______.

A

proteins

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4
Q

What is the role of enzymes in digestion?

A

Enzymes break down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body.

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5
Q

What is the active site of an enzyme?

A

The active site is the specific region on the enzyme where the substrate binds.

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6
Q

Multiple choice: Which of the following is an example of an enzyme? A) Amylase B) Glucose C) Lipid D) RNA

A

A) Amylase

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7
Q

What factors can affect enzyme activity?

A

Temperature, pH, and substrate concentration can all affect enzyme activity.

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8
Q

True or False: Enzymes can work on any substrate.

A

False

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9
Q

Fill in the blank: The substance that an enzyme acts upon is called a ______.

A

substrate

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10
Q

What is enzyme specificity?

A

Enzyme specificity refers to the ability of an enzyme to choose exact substrates from a group of similar chemical molecules.

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11
Q

Multiple choice: Which enzyme breaks down proteins? A) Lipase B) Protease C) Amylase D) Lactase

A

B) Protease

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12
Q

What is the significance of enzyme inhibitors?

A

Enzyme inhibitors are substances that decrease enzyme activity, which can be important for regulating metabolic pathways.

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13
Q

Fill in the blank: Enzymes that catalyze the addition of phosphate groups are known as ______.

A

kinases

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14
Q

What is the importance of coenzymes?

A

Coenzymes are non-protein molecules that assist enzymes in catalyzing reactions.

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15
Q

True or False: All enzymes require coenzymes to function.

A

False

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16
Q

Multiple choice: Which of the following is a coenzyme? A) NAD+ B) Glucose C) Protein D) Water

A

A) NAD+

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17
Q

What is enzyme denaturation?

A

Enzyme denaturation is the process in which an enzyme loses its structural integrity and functionality due to external factors like heat or pH changes.

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: The model that describes how enzymes and substrates interact is called the ______ model.

A

lock and key

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19
Q

What is the difference between competitive and non-competitive inhibition?

A

Competitive inhibition occurs when an inhibitor competes with the substrate for the active site, while non-competitive inhibition occurs when an inhibitor binds to a different site on the enzyme.

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20
Q

Multiple choice: Which enzyme is responsible for digesting carbohydrates? A) Lactase B) Protease C) Lipase D) Amylase

A

D) Amylase

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21
Q

What role do enzymes play in metabolic pathways?

A

Enzymes facilitate and regulate the series of biochemical reactions in metabolic pathways.

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22
Q

True or False: Enzymes can be reused multiple times in reactions.

A

True

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23
Q

Fill in the blank: Enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of lipids are called ______.

A

lipases

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24
Q

What is the effect of temperature on enzyme activity?

A

Increased temperature generally increases enzyme activity up to a certain point, after which the enzyme may denature.

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25
Q

Multiple choice: What is the optimal pH for most human enzymes? A) 1 B) 7 C) 8 D) 14

A

B) 7

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26
Q

What are zymogens?

A

Zymogens are inactive enzyme precursors that require a biochemical change to become active.

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27
Q

Fill in the blank: The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen is called ______.

A

catalase

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28
Q

What is the primary function of digestive enzymes?

A

The primary function of digestive enzymes is to break down macromolecules into absorbable units.

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29
Q

True or False: Enzymes can only catalyze one type of reaction.

A

True

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30
Q

Multiple choice: Which enzyme is involved in the DNA replication process? A) RNA polymerase B) DNA ligase C) Helicase D) All of the above

A

D) All of the above

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31
Q

What is the role of allosteric sites in enzymes?

A

Allosteric sites are sites on an enzyme where molecules can bind, causing a change in the enzyme’s activity.

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32
Q

Fill in the blank: Enzymes are sensitive to changes in ______ and ______.

A

temperature; pH

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33
Q

What is the relationship between enzymes and activation energy?

A

Enzymes lower the activation energy required for a reaction to occur.

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34
Q

Multiple choice: Which of the following factors does NOT affect enzyme activity? A) Temperature B) pH C) Color D) Substrate concentration

A

C) Color

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35
Q

What are the two main types of enzymatic reactions?

A

The two main types are catabolic reactions (breaking down molecules) and anabolic reactions (building up molecules).

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36
Q

What is the primary function of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)?

A

To catalyze the conversion of lactate to pyruvate, and vice versa.

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37
Q

True or False: Lactate dehydrogenase is an enzyme involved in anaerobic metabolism.

A

True

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38
Q

Fill in the blank: Lactate dehydrogenase plays a crucial role in the _____ cycle.

A

CorI cycle

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39
Q

What are the two main substrates for lactate dehydrogenase?

A

Lactate and pyruvate

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40
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a product of the lactate dehydrogenase reaction? A) ATP B) NADH C) NAD+ D) Pyruvate

A

D) Pyruvate

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41
Q

What is the significance of measuring lactate dehydrogenase levels in the blood?

A

It can indicate tissue damage or disease, such as myocardial infarction or liver disease.

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42
Q

True or False: Lactate dehydrogenase exists in multiple isoenzymes.

A

True

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43
Q

What cofactor is necessary for the lactate dehydrogenase reaction?

A

NAD+

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44
Q

Short Answer: Name one clinical condition associated with elevated lactate dehydrogenase levels.

A

Myocardial infarction

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45
Q

Multiple Choice: Which tissue has the highest concentration of lactate dehydrogenase? A) Brain B) Heart C) Liver D) Muscle

A

B) Heart

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46
Q

What is creatine kinase?

A

Creatine kinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of creatine and ATP to creatine phosphate and ADP.

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47
Q

True or False: Creatine kinase is primarily found in muscle tissue.

A

True

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48
Q

What are the three main isoforms of creatine kinase?

A

CK-MM, CK-MB, and CK-BB.

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49
Q

Fill in the blank: Elevated levels of creatine kinase in the blood can indicate _______.

A

muscle damage or injury.

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50
Q

Which isoform of creatine kinase is typically associated with the heart?

A

CK-MB

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51
Q

Multiple Choice: What is the primary function of creatine kinase in muscle cells? A) Energy storage B) Protein synthesis C) ATP regeneration D) Oxygen transport

A

C) ATP regeneration

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52
Q

What role does creatine phosphate play in muscle metabolism?

A

Creatine phosphate serves as a rapid source of energy by donating a phosphate group to ADP to regenerate ATP.

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53
Q

True or False: Creatine kinase levels are consistent and do not vary with physical activity.

A

False

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54
Q

What is the significance of measuring creatine kinase levels in clinical settings?

A

Measuring creatine kinase levels helps diagnose and monitor conditions related to muscle damage, such as myocardial infarction or rhabdomyolysis.

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55
Q

Short Answer: How does creatine kinase contribute to muscle recovery after exercise?

A

Creatine kinase helps regenerate ATP, which is crucial for muscle recovery and energy replenishment after exercise.

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56
Q

What does AST stand for in medical terms?

A

Aspartate Aminotransferase

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57
Q

What is another name for AST?

A

SGOT (Serum Glutamic-Oxaloacetic Transaminase)

58
Q

True or False: AST is primarily found in the liver.

A

False

59
Q

Which organs have the highest concentrations of AST?

A

Liver, heart, muscle, and kidneys

60
Q

Fill in the blank: Elevated AST levels can indicate __________ damage.

A

tissue

61
Q

What is the normal range of AST levels in the blood?

A

Typically 10 to 40 units per liter

62
Q

Multiple Choice: Which condition is NOT commonly associated with elevated AST levels? A) Hepatitis B) Myocardial infarction C) Diabetes

A

C) Diabetes

63
Q

What is the primary function of the AST enzyme?

A

To facilitate the transfer of amino groups between amino acids and keto acids.

64
Q

True or False: A low AST level is always a sign of good health.

A

False

65
Q

What additional test is often performed alongside AST to assess liver function?

A

ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase)

66
Q

Fill in the blank: AST levels may rise due to __________ injury.

A

cellular

67
Q

What kind of test is used to measure AST levels?

A

Blood test

68
Q

Multiple Choice: Which factor can affect AST levels? A) Age B) Gender C) Both A and B

A

C) Both A and B

69
Q

What does a significantly high AST level indicate?

A

Potential acute liver injury or myocardial infarction

70
Q

True or False: AST levels can be elevated in muscle disorders.

A

True

71
Q

What does ALT stand for?

A

Alanine Aminotransferase

72
Q

Is ALT also known as SGPT?

A

True

73
Q

What is the primary function of ALT in the body?

A

To facilitate the conversion of alanine and alpha-ketoglutarate to pyruvate and glutamate.

74
Q

Which organ is primarily associated with ALT production?

A

The liver

75
Q

What is a normal range for ALT levels in adults (in U/L)?

A

Typically between 7 to 56 U/L

76
Q

Fill in the blank: Elevated ALT levels may indicate _____ damage.

A

liver

77
Q

True or False: ALT levels can be affected by muscle injuries.

A

False

78
Q

What type of test measures ALT levels?

A

Liver function test

79
Q

Which condition is commonly associated with elevated ALT levels?

A

Hepatitis

80
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a cause of elevated ALT levels?
A) Alcohol use
B) Diabetes
C) High protein diet
D) Viral infection

A

C) High protein diet

81
Q

What is the relationship between ALT and AST?

A

Both are liver enzymes, but ALT is more specific to liver injury than AST.

82
Q

Fill in the blank: A significant increase in ALT levels may suggest _____ disease.

A

liver

83
Q

True or False: ALT levels are used to diagnose liver cirrhosis.

A

False

84
Q

What lifestyle change can help lower elevated ALT levels?

A

Weight loss and regular exercise

85
Q

What is the significance of monitoring ALT levels in patients with chronic liver disease?

A

To assess liver function and monitor disease progression.

86
Q

What is alkaline phosphatase?

A

Alkaline phosphatase is an enzyme that catalyzes the removal of phosphate groups from various molecules, including nucleotides and proteins.

87
Q

True or False: Alkaline phosphatase levels can indicate liver and bone disorders.

A

True

88
Q

Fill in the blank: The optimal pH range for alkaline phosphatase activity is typically between ___ and ___.

A

8.5 and 10.5

89
Q

Which organ is primarily responsible for the production of alkaline phosphatase?

A

Liver

90
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following conditions can lead to elevated alkaline phosphatase levels? A) Bone disease B) Liver disease C) Pregnancy D) All of the above

A

D) All of the above

91
Q

What is the role of alkaline phosphatase in the body?

A

It plays a crucial role in dephosphorylation processes, aiding in digestion and bone mineralization.

92
Q

True or False: Alkaline phosphatase is only found in the liver.

A

False

93
Q

What are the main types of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes?

A

Liver, bone, intestinal, and placental alkaline phosphatase.

94
Q

Short Answer: How can alkaline phosphatase levels be measured?

A

Through a blood test.

95
Q

What might elevated alkaline phosphatase levels indicate when associated with other symptoms?

A

Possible liver disease, bone disorders, or bile duct obstruction.

96
Q

What is the primary function of acid phosphatase?

A

The primary function of acid phosphatase is to catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphate esters in an acidic environment.

97
Q

True or False: Acid phosphatase activity is significantly higher in prostatic tissue compared to other tissues.

A

True

98
Q

Fill in the blank: Acid phosphatase is often used as a biomarker for ________ cancer.

A

prostate

99
Q

Which of the following is a common source of acid phosphatase in the human body? (A) Liver (B) Brain (C) Prostate (D) Skin

A

C) Prostate

100
Q

What is the significance of measuring acid phosphatase levels in clinical diagnostics?

A

Measuring acid phosphatase levels can help in diagnosing prostate cancer and monitoring its progression.

101
Q

What does GGT stand for?

A

Gamma-glutamyl transferase

102
Q

True or False: GGT is primarily found in the liver.

A

True

103
Q

What is the primary function of the GGT enzyme?

A

To transfer amino acids and peptides across cell membranes.

104
Q

Fill in the blank: Elevated levels of GGT in the blood can indicate __________.

A

Liver disease or bile duct obstruction

105
Q

Which organ is primarily associated with high levels of GGT?

A

Liver

106
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following conditions is NOT typically associated with elevated GGT levels? A) Alcohol abuse B) Diabetes C) Hepatitis D) Cholestasis

A

B) Diabetes

107
Q

What is a common test that measures GGT levels?

A

Liver function test

108
Q

True or False: GGT levels can be affected by medications and alcohol consumption.

A

True

109
Q

What can low GGT levels indicate?

A

Generally, low GGT levels are not associated with any significant health issues.

110
Q

Fill in the blank: GGT is involved in the metabolism of __________.

A

Glutathione

111
Q

Multiple Choice: An increase in GGT levels can be a sign of which of the following? A) Heart disease B) Kidney failure C) Liver dysfunction D) Lung cancer

A

C) Liver dysfunction

112
Q

What other enzyme is often measured alongside GGT to assess liver health?

A

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

113
Q

True or False: GGT levels are the same in all age groups.

A

False

114
Q

Which demographic factors can influence GGT levels?

A

Age, sex, and ethnicity

115
Q

What lifestyle factor is known to significantly elevate GGT levels?

A

Excessive alcohol consumption

116
Q

What is amylase?

A

Amylase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of starch into sugars.

117
Q

True or False: Amylase is found only in saliva.

A

False: Amylase is found in saliva, pancreatic juice, and other tissues.

118
Q

Fill in the blank: Amylase breaks down ______ into maltose and dextrin.

A

starch

119
Q

What are the two main types of amylase?

A

Salivary amylase (also known as ptyalin) and pancreatic amylase.

120
Q

Multiple Choice: Which type of amylase is secreted by the pancreas?

A

Pancreatic amylase

121
Q

What is the optimal pH for salivary amylase activity?

A

Approximately 6.7 to 7.0.

122
Q

True or False: Amylase activity decreases in acidic conditions.

A

True

123
Q

Short Answer: Why is amylase important in digestion?

A

It initiates the breakdown of carbohydrates, facilitating nutrient absorption.

124
Q

What can result from a deficiency of amylase?

A

Malabsorption of carbohydrates and digestive issues.

125
Q

Multiple Choice: Which food contains high levels of amylase?

A

Sprouted grains

126
Q

What is lipase?

A

Lipase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of fats and lipids.

127
Q

True or False: Lipase is produced primarily in the pancreas.

A

True

128
Q

Fill in the blank: Lipase breaks down triglycerides into ______ and fatty acids.

A

glycerol

129
Q

Which type of lipase is secreted by the pancreas?

A

Pancreatic lipase

130
Q

What is the primary function of gastric lipase?

A

To initiate the digestion of dietary fats in the stomach.

131
Q

Multiple Choice: What is the optimal pH range for pancreatic lipase activity? A) 1-2 B) 7-8 C) 9-10 D) 3-4

A

B) 7-8

132
Q

What role does bile play in lipase activity?

A

Bile emulsifies fats, increasing the surface area for lipase to act.

133
Q

True or False: Lipase only functions in the digestive system.

A

False

134
Q

What are the products of lipase action on triglycerides?

A

Glycerol and free fatty acids.

135
Q

What condition may result from lipase deficiency?

A

Malabsorption of fats, leading to conditions like steatorrhea.

136
Q

What is the primary function of aldolase in the body?

A

Aldolase primarily catalyzes the reversible condensation of dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to form fructose-1,6-bisphosphate in glycolysis.

137
Q

True or False: Aldolase is an enzyme involved in the citric acid cycle.

A

False

138
Q

Fill in the blank: Aldolase is classified as a __________ enzyme.

A

lyase

139
Q

Which of the following is a type of aldolase? A) Aldolase A B) Aldolase B C) Aldolase C D) All of the above

A

D) All of the above

140
Q

In which metabolic pathway does aldolase play a crucial role?

A

Glycolysis

Clinical Chemistry (11 decks)

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