Carbohydrates Flashcards
What are carbohydrates primarily made of?
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
True or False: Carbohydrates are the body’s main source of energy.
True.
What is the chemical formula for glucose?
C6H12O6.
Fill in the blank: Carbohydrates can be classified into three main types: ______, ______, and ______.
sugars, starches, and fibers.
What type of carbohydrate is sucrose?
A disaccharide.
Which carbohydrate is known as blood sugar?
Glucose.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a polysaccharide? A) Fructose B) Cellulose C) Sucrose
B) Cellulose.
What is the main function of dietary fiber?
To aid in digestion.
True or False: Simple carbohydrates are digested more slowly than complex carbohydrates.
False.
What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?
To provide energy.
Fill in the blank: The storage form of glucose in animals is called ______.
glycogen.
What are the two main categories of carbohydrates?
Simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a source of carbohydrates? A) Bread B) Chicken C) Rice
B) Chicken.
What type of fiber is soluble in water?
Soluble fiber.
True or False: All carbohydrates are unhealthy.
False.
What is the process called by which carbohydrates are broken down into glucose?
Glycolysis.
Fill in the blank: Carbohydrates are often classified based on the number of sugar units: ______, ______, and ______.
monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
What is the primary source of carbohydrates in a typical diet?
Plant-based foods.
Multiple Choice: Which carbohydrate is primarily found in fruits? A) Starch B) Fiber C) Fructose
C) Fructose.
What is the role of insulin in carbohydrate metabolism?
To help cells absorb glucose.
True or False: High-fiber diets can help lower cholesterol levels.
True.
What is the term for carbohydrates that are made up of three or more sugar units?
Oligosaccharides.
Fill in the blank: The recommended daily intake of carbohydrates is ______ of total daily calories.
45-65%.
Which carbohydrate is commonly used as a sweetener?
Sucrose.
What is a common effect of consuming too many simple carbohydrates?
Weight gain.
True or False: Carbohydrates are not necessary for a healthy diet.
False.
What hormone is primarily responsible for lowering blood glucose levels?
Insulin
True or False: Glucagon increases blood glucose levels.
True
What organ produces insulin?
Pancreas
Fill in the blank: The hormone that stimulates gluconeogenesis is _____.
Glucagon
Which hormone is released in response to low blood glucose levels?
Glucagon
Name the process by which glucose is formed from non-carbohydrate sources.
Gluconeogenesis
What effect does cortisol have on blood glucose levels?
It increases blood glucose levels.
Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal glands and raises blood glucose?
Cortisol
True or False: Epinephrine decreases blood glucose levels.
False
What role does the liver play in glucose regulation?
It stores and releases glucose.
What is the primary function of insulin in glucose metabolism?
To facilitate the uptake of glucose by cells.
Which type of diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance?
Type 2 diabetes
Name the hormone that is often referred to as the ‘stress hormone’ and impacts glucose metabolism.
Cortisol
What is the primary stimulus for insulin release?
Elevated blood glucose levels
True or False: Somatostatin inhibits the release of both insulin and glucagon.
True
What is the effect of growth hormone on glucose metabolism?
It increases blood glucose levels.
Fill in the blank: The pancreas contains clusters of cells known as _____.
Islets of Langerhans
What is the primary effect of glucagon on the liver?
To promote glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.
Which hormone is responsible for the ‘fight or flight’ response and affects glucose levels?
Epinephrine
What is glycogenolysis?
The breakdown of glycogen to glucose.
True or False: Insulin promotes lipogenesis.
True
What is the target tissue for insulin’s action?
Muscle, fat, and liver tissues
Name a factor that can stimulate insulin secretion aside from blood glucose levels.
Amino acids
What is the role of the hypothalamus in glucose regulation?
It helps regulate appetite and energy balance.
Fill in the blank: The glucose transport protein that is insulin-dependent is called _____.
GLUT4
What condition results from insufficient insulin production?
Diabetes mellitus
What are monosaccharides?
Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of single sugar molecules.
Give two examples of monosaccharides.
Glucose and fructose are two examples of monosaccharides.
True or False: Disaccharides are formed by the combination of two monosaccharides.
True.
What is the chemical formula for glucose?
C6H12O6.
What type of bond connects monosaccharides in disaccharides?
Glycosidic bond.
Name a common disaccharide.
Sucrose is a common disaccharide.
Fill in the blank: Lactose is a disaccharide composed of glucose and ________.
galactose.
What are polysaccharides?
Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates made up of long chains of monosaccharide units.
True or False: Starch is a type of polysaccharide.
True.
What is the primary storage form of carbohydrates in plants?
Starch.
Name one structural polysaccharide.
Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide.
What is the main difference between starch and cellulose?
Starch is digestible by humans, while cellulose is not.
Fill in the blank: Glycogen is the storage form of carbohydrates in ________.
animals.
True or False: All monosaccharides have the same molecular formula.
False.
What is the role of carbohydrates in the body?
Carbohydrates provide energy to the body.
Give an example of a reducing sugar.
Glucose is an example of a reducing sugar.
What reaction occurs when two monosaccharides combine to form a disaccharide?
A condensation reaction occurs.
What is the significance of the glycosidic bond in carbohydrates?
The glycosidic bond determines the structure and function of the carbohydrate.
Fill in the blank: The simplest form of sugar is a ________.
monosaccharide.
True or False: Polysaccharides can be both branched and unbranched.
True.
What is the primary function of cellulose in plants?
Cellulose provides structural support.
Name a food source rich in starch.
Potatoes are rich in starch.
What type of carbohydrate is sucrose classified as?
Disaccharide.
What are oligosaccharides?
Oligosaccharides are carbohydrates composed of a small number of monosaccharide units, typically 2 to 10.
Fill in the blank: ________ is a polysaccharide made of glucose units and is found in the liver and muscles.
Glycogen.
True or False: All carbohydrates are soluble in water.
False.
What distinguishes a ketose from an aldose?
A ketose has a ketone group, while an aldose has an aldehyde group.
What is hyperglycemia?
A condition characterized by an excessive amount of glucose in the blood.
True or False: Hyperglycemia is always a sign of diabetes.
False
What are common symptoms of hyperglycemia?
Increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, and blurred vision.
Fill in the blank: Hyperglycemia is defined as a blood glucose level greater than _____ mg/dL.
140
What are the long-term risks associated with untreated hyperglycemia?
Diabetes complications such as neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy.
What is the primary hormone that lowers blood glucose levels?
Insulin
True or False: Stress can contribute to hyperglycemia.
True
What is a common cause of hyperglycemia in individuals with diabetes?
Insufficient insulin administration or resistance to insulin.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following can lead to hyperglycemia? A) Skipping meals B) Overeating C) Stress D) All of the above
D) All of the above
What is the medical term for high blood sugar?
Hyperglycemia
Which type of diabetes is associated with hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance?
Type 2 diabetes
Fill in the blank: The condition of extremely high blood sugar levels is known as _____ hyperglycemia.
severe
What is the recommended action for someone experiencing hyperglycemia?
Check blood sugar levels and consult a healthcare provider.
True or False: Physical activity can help lower blood glucose levels.
True
What is the term for dangerously high blood sugar levels, often above 600 mg/dL?
Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS)
What lifestyle change can help manage hyperglycemia?
Adopting a balanced diet and regular exercise.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following medications can help lower blood glucose? A) Metformin B) Ibuprofen C) Aspirin D) All of the above
A) Metformin
What role does glucagon play in blood glucose regulation?
It raises blood glucose levels by promoting glycogen breakdown.
True or False: Drinking water can help alleviate symptoms of hyperglycemia.
True
What is the relationship between hyperglycemia and the A1C test?
The A1C test measures average blood glucose levels over the past two to three months.
What is a potential acute complication of severe hyperglycemia?
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
Fill in the blank: Monitoring _____ is crucial for individuals with diabetes to manage hyperglycemia.
blood glucose levels
What dietary component should be limited to help manage hyperglycemia?
Simple carbohydrates and sugars.
Multiple Choice: Which symptom is least likely associated with hyperglycemia? A) Excessive thirst B) Confusion C) Sweating D) Blurred vision
C) Sweating
What is the primary goal of managing hyperglycemia in diabetes?
To maintain blood glucose levels within a target range.
What is the primary purpose of a glucose tolerance test?
To assess how well the body processes glucose.
True or False: A glucose tolerance test is used to diagnose diabetes.
True
What substance is administered during a glucose tolerance test?
Glucose
Fill in the blank: The glucose tolerance test typically measures blood glucose levels at _____ and _____ minutes after glucose ingestion.
0, 120
What is the typical fasting blood glucose level cut-off for diagnosing diabetes?
126 mg/dL or higher
What is the normal range for blood glucose levels two hours after ingesting glucose?
Less than 140 mg/dL
Multiple choice: Which of the following is NOT a preparation step for a glucose tolerance test? A) Fasting overnight B) Avoiding exercise C) Eating a high carbohydrate diet D) Drinking water
D) Drinking water
What condition can a glucose tolerance test help diagnose besides diabetes?
Gestational diabetes
True or False: A glucose tolerance test can be performed without prior fasting.
False
What is the standard glucose dose used in a glucose tolerance test?
75 grams
Fill in the blank: A glucose tolerance test is typically performed over a span of _____ hours.
Two
What is the significance of a 2-hour blood glucose level between 140 mg/dL and 199 mg/dL?
It indicates prediabetes.
What is the recommended action if a patient has a blood glucose level of 200 mg/dL or higher after a glucose tolerance test?
It suggests diabetes and further testing is needed.
Multiple choice: Which population is commonly screened using a glucose tolerance test? A) Elderly B) Pregnant women C) Athletes D) Children
B) Pregnant women
What can affect the results of a glucose tolerance test?
Medications, illness, and stress
True or False: The glucose tolerance test is a definitive test for diabetes.
False
What is the purpose of measuring blood glucose at multiple intervals during the test?
To observe how quickly the body clears glucose from the bloodstream.
Fill in the blank: A glucose tolerance test is often performed in conjunction with a _____ test.
Fasting blood glucose
What is a possible risk of undergoing a glucose tolerance test?
Nausea or vomiting due to glucose ingestion.
What does a blood glucose level of 140 mg/dL or higher but less than 200 mg/dL indicate?
Impaired glucose tolerance.
How long should a patient fast before a glucose tolerance test?
At least 8 hours
True or False: The glucose tolerance test is only used for diagnosing diabetes.
False
What is the preferred method for diagnosing diabetes in symptomatic patients?
Random blood glucose test
Multiple choice: After how many hours post-glucose ingestion is the second blood sample typically taken? A) 30 minutes B) 1 hour C) 2 hours D) 3 hours
C) 2 hours
What is indicated by a fasting blood glucose level of 100 to 125 mg/dL?
Prediabetes
Fill in the blank: The glucose tolerance test is also known as _____ test.
Oral glucose tolerance
What is glycosylated hemoglobin commonly referred to as?
HbA1c
True or False: Glycosylated hemoglobin levels reflect average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 weeks.
False
What time frame do glycosylated hemoglobin levels typically reflect?
2-3 months
Fill in the blank: The percentage of hemoglobin that is glycosylated is used to monitor __________.
diabetes management
What does a higher HbA1c level indicate?
Poorer blood glucose control
What is the normal range for HbA1c in non-diabetic individuals?
Less than 5.7%
What HbA1c level indicates prediabetes?
5.7% to 6.4%
What HbA1c level is indicative of diabetes?
6.5% or higher
True or False: HbA1c testing is affected by recent food intake.
False
What is the primary factor that causes hemoglobin to become glycosylated?
Glucose concentration in the blood
Short answer: How is HbA1c measured?
Through blood tests
Multiple choice: Which of the following conditions can affect HbA1c levels? A) Anemia B) Chronic kidney disease C) Both A and B D) None of the above
C) Both A and B
Fill in the blank: The formation of glycosylated hemoglobin is a __________ reaction.
non-enzymatic
True or False: HbA1c levels can be used to diagnose type 1 diabetes.
True
What is the main advantage of using HbA1c over daily glucose monitoring?
It provides a longer-term view of blood glucose control.
Short answer: What is the recommended frequency of HbA1c testing for patients with diabetes?
Every 3 to 6 months
What role does glycosylated hemoglobin play in diabetes management?
It helps assess long-term glucose control.
Multiple choice: Which of the following is NOT a benefit of HbA1c testing? A) Assessing long-term glucose control B) Immediate glucose level assessment C) Guiding treatment decisions D) Monitoring disease progression
B) Immediate glucose level assessment
Fill in the blank: HbA1c levels are influenced by __________ factors such as hemoglobin variants.
biological
True or False: HbA1c testing can be performed at home using a fingerstick method.
True
What is the relationship between HbA1c and the risk of diabetes-related complications?
Higher HbA1c levels are associated with increased risk of complications.
Short answer: Name one method of reducing HbA1c levels.
Improving diet and increasing physical activity
Multiple choice: Which of the following is a common target HbA1c level for many adults with diabetes? A) 7% B) 8% C) 6% D) 5%
A) 7%
Fill in the blank: Glycosylated hemoglobin can also be referred to as __________ hemoglobin.
glycated
True or False: HbA1c can be used to monitor the effectiveness of diabetes medications.
True
What are ketones?
Ketones are organic compounds produced during the metabolism of fatty acids.
What is C-peptide?
C-peptide is a peptide that is released when insulin is produced by the pancreas.
True or False: Ketones are primarily produced in the liver.
True
Fill in the blank: Ketones are an alternative energy source during __________.
starvation or low carbohydrate intake
What is the primary function of C-peptide?
C-peptide serves as a marker for insulin production.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following conditions can lead to increased ketone production? A) Diabetes Mellitus B) Hypertension C) Hyperlipidemia D) None of the above
A) Diabetes Mellitus
What are the three main types of ketone bodies?
Acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone.
True or False: C-peptide levels can help differentiate between type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
True
What is the relationship between insulin and C-peptide?
C-peptide is released in equal amounts to insulin when proinsulin is cleaved.
Fill in the blank: High levels of ketones in the blood can lead to a condition known as __________.
ketoacidosis
What is the significance of measuring C-peptide levels in patients?
It helps assess the function of pancreatic beta cells.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following can cause low C-peptide levels? A) Insulinoma B) Type 1 Diabetes C) Obesity D) All of the above
B) Type 1 Diabetes
What metabolic state promotes ketone production?
Ketosis.
True or False: Ketones can be used by the brain as an energy source.
True
Fill in the blank: C-peptide testing is often used to evaluate __________.
insulinoma or insulin resistance
What is the primary cause of diabetic ketoacidosis?
Insufficient insulin levels leading to increased ketogenesis.
Multiple Choice: Which condition is least likely to elevate ketone levels? A) Fasting B) High carbohydrate diet C) Prolonged exercise D) Starvation
B) High carbohydrate diet
What role do ketones play in energy metabolism?
They provide an alternative energy source when glucose is scarce.
True or False: C-peptide has a longer half-life than insulin.
True
Fill in the blank: The presence of ketones in urine can indicate __________.
ketosis or diabetic ketoacidosis
What is the typical range for normal C-peptide levels in adults?
0.5 to 2.0 ng/mL.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a symptom of ketoacidosis? A) Nausea B) Hyperactivity C) Hypertension D) Weight gain
A) Nausea
What is one potential complication of high ketone levels?
Diabetic ketoacidosis.
True or False: C-peptide is used as a treatment for diabetes.
False
Fill in the blank: The conversion of fatty acids to ketones occurs in the __________.
mitochondria of liver cells
