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Clinical Chemistry > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

What are carbohydrates primarily made of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

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2
Q

True or False: Carbohydrates are the body’s main source of energy.

A

True.

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3
Q

What is the chemical formula for glucose?

A

C6H12O6.

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4
Q

Fill in the blank: Carbohydrates can be classified into three main types: ______, ______, and ______.

A

sugars, starches, and fibers.

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5
Q

What type of carbohydrate is sucrose?

A

A disaccharide.

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6
Q

Which carbohydrate is known as blood sugar?

A

Glucose.

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7
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a polysaccharide? A) Fructose B) Cellulose C) Sucrose

A

B) Cellulose.

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8
Q

What is the main function of dietary fiber?

A

To aid in digestion.

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9
Q

True or False: Simple carbohydrates are digested more slowly than complex carbohydrates.

A

False.

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10
Q

What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?

A

To provide energy.

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: The storage form of glucose in animals is called ______.

A

glycogen.

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12
Q

What are the two main categories of carbohydrates?

A

Simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates.

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13
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a source of carbohydrates? A) Bread B) Chicken C) Rice

A

B) Chicken.

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14
Q

What type of fiber is soluble in water?

A

Soluble fiber.

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15
Q

True or False: All carbohydrates are unhealthy.

A

False.

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16
Q

What is the process called by which carbohydrates are broken down into glucose?

A

Glycolysis.

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17
Q

Fill in the blank: Carbohydrates are often classified based on the number of sugar units: ______, ______, and ______.

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

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18
Q

What is the primary source of carbohydrates in a typical diet?

A

Plant-based foods.

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19
Q

Multiple Choice: Which carbohydrate is primarily found in fruits? A) Starch B) Fiber C) Fructose

A

C) Fructose.

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20
Q

What is the role of insulin in carbohydrate metabolism?

A

To help cells absorb glucose.

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21
Q

True or False: High-fiber diets can help lower cholesterol levels.

A

True.

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22
Q

What is the term for carbohydrates that are made up of three or more sugar units?

A

Oligosaccharides.

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23
Q

Fill in the blank: The recommended daily intake of carbohydrates is ______ of total daily calories.

A

45-65%.

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24
Q

Which carbohydrate is commonly used as a sweetener?

A

Sucrose.

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25
Q

What is a common effect of consuming too many simple carbohydrates?

A

Weight gain.

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26
Q

True or False: Carbohydrates are not necessary for a healthy diet.

A

False.

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27
Q

What hormone is primarily responsible for lowering blood glucose levels?

A

Insulin

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28
Q

True or False: Glucagon increases blood glucose levels.

A

True

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29
Q

What organ produces insulin?

A

Pancreas

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30
Q

Fill in the blank: The hormone that stimulates gluconeogenesis is _____.

A

Glucagon

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31
Q

Which hormone is released in response to low blood glucose levels?

A

Glucagon

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32
Q

Name the process by which glucose is formed from non-carbohydrate sources.

A

Gluconeogenesis

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33
Q

What effect does cortisol have on blood glucose levels?

A

It increases blood glucose levels.

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34
Q

Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal glands and raises blood glucose?

A

Cortisol

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35
Q

True or False: Epinephrine decreases blood glucose levels.

A

False

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36
Q

What role does the liver play in glucose regulation?

A

It stores and releases glucose.

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37
Q

What is the primary function of insulin in glucose metabolism?

A

To facilitate the uptake of glucose by cells.

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38
Q

Which type of diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance?

A

Type 2 diabetes

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39
Q

Name the hormone that is often referred to as the ‘stress hormone’ and impacts glucose metabolism.

A

Cortisol

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40
Q

What is the primary stimulus for insulin release?

A

Elevated blood glucose levels

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41
Q

True or False: Somatostatin inhibits the release of both insulin and glucagon.

A

True

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42
Q

What is the effect of growth hormone on glucose metabolism?

A

It increases blood glucose levels.

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43
Q

Fill in the blank: The pancreas contains clusters of cells known as _____.

A

Islets of Langerhans

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44
Q

What is the primary effect of glucagon on the liver?

A

To promote glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.

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45
Q

Which hormone is responsible for the ‘fight or flight’ response and affects glucose levels?

A

Epinephrine

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46
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

The breakdown of glycogen to glucose.

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47
Q

True or False: Insulin promotes lipogenesis.

A

True

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48
Q

What is the target tissue for insulin’s action?

A

Muscle, fat, and liver tissues

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49
Q

Name a factor that can stimulate insulin secretion aside from blood glucose levels.

A

Amino acids

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50
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus in glucose regulation?

A

It helps regulate appetite and energy balance.

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51
Q

Fill in the blank: The glucose transport protein that is insulin-dependent is called _____.

A

GLUT4

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52
Q

What condition results from insufficient insulin production?

A

Diabetes mellitus

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53
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of single sugar molecules.

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54
Q

Give two examples of monosaccharides.

A

Glucose and fructose are two examples of monosaccharides.

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55
Q

True or False: Disaccharides are formed by the combination of two monosaccharides.

A

True.

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56
Q

What is the chemical formula for glucose?

A

C6H12O6.

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57
Q

What type of bond connects monosaccharides in disaccharides?

A

Glycosidic bond.

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58
Q

Name a common disaccharide.

A

Sucrose is a common disaccharide.

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59
Q

Fill in the blank: Lactose is a disaccharide composed of glucose and ________.

A

galactose.

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60
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates made up of long chains of monosaccharide units.

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61
Q

True or False: Starch is a type of polysaccharide.

A

True.

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62
Q

What is the primary storage form of carbohydrates in plants?

A

Starch.

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63
Q

Name one structural polysaccharide.

A

Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide.

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64
Q

What is the main difference between starch and cellulose?

A

Starch is digestible by humans, while cellulose is not.

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65
Q

Fill in the blank: Glycogen is the storage form of carbohydrates in ________.

A

animals.

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66
Q

True or False: All monosaccharides have the same molecular formula.

A

False.

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67
Q

What is the role of carbohydrates in the body?

A

Carbohydrates provide energy to the body.

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68
Q

Give an example of a reducing sugar.

A

Glucose is an example of a reducing sugar.

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69
Q

What reaction occurs when two monosaccharides combine to form a disaccharide?

A

A condensation reaction occurs.

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70
Q

What is the significance of the glycosidic bond in carbohydrates?

A

The glycosidic bond determines the structure and function of the carbohydrate.

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71
Q

Fill in the blank: The simplest form of sugar is a ________.

A

monosaccharide.

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72
Q

True or False: Polysaccharides can be both branched and unbranched.

A

True.

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73
Q

What is the primary function of cellulose in plants?

A

Cellulose provides structural support.

74
Q

Name a food source rich in starch.

A

Potatoes are rich in starch.

75
Q

What type of carbohydrate is sucrose classified as?

A

Disaccharide.

76
Q

What are oligosaccharides?

A

Oligosaccharides are carbohydrates composed of a small number of monosaccharide units, typically 2 to 10.

77
Q

Fill in the blank: ________ is a polysaccharide made of glucose units and is found in the liver and muscles.

A

Glycogen.

78
Q

True or False: All carbohydrates are soluble in water.

A

False.

79
Q

What distinguishes a ketose from an aldose?

A

A ketose has a ketone group, while an aldose has an aldehyde group.

80
Q

What is hyperglycemia?

A

A condition characterized by an excessive amount of glucose in the blood.

81
Q

True or False: Hyperglycemia is always a sign of diabetes.

A

False

82
Q

What are common symptoms of hyperglycemia?

A

Increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, and blurred vision.

83
Q

Fill in the blank: Hyperglycemia is defined as a blood glucose level greater than _____ mg/dL.

A

140

84
Q

What are the long-term risks associated with untreated hyperglycemia?

A

Diabetes complications such as neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy.

85
Q

What is the primary hormone that lowers blood glucose levels?

A

Insulin

86
Q

True or False: Stress can contribute to hyperglycemia.

A

True

87
Q

What is a common cause of hyperglycemia in individuals with diabetes?

A

Insufficient insulin administration or resistance to insulin.

88
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following can lead to hyperglycemia? A) Skipping meals B) Overeating C) Stress D) All of the above

A

D) All of the above

89
Q

What is the medical term for high blood sugar?

A

Hyperglycemia

90
Q

Which type of diabetes is associated with hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance?

A

Type 2 diabetes

91
Q

Fill in the blank: The condition of extremely high blood sugar levels is known as _____ hyperglycemia.

A

severe

92
Q

What is the recommended action for someone experiencing hyperglycemia?

A

Check blood sugar levels and consult a healthcare provider.

93
Q

True or False: Physical activity can help lower blood glucose levels.

A

True

94
Q

What is the term for dangerously high blood sugar levels, often above 600 mg/dL?

A

Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS)

95
Q

What lifestyle change can help manage hyperglycemia?

A

Adopting a balanced diet and regular exercise.

96
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following medications can help lower blood glucose? A) Metformin B) Ibuprofen C) Aspirin D) All of the above

A

A) Metformin

97
Q

What role does glucagon play in blood glucose regulation?

A

It raises blood glucose levels by promoting glycogen breakdown.

98
Q

True or False: Drinking water can help alleviate symptoms of hyperglycemia.

A

True

99
Q

What is the relationship between hyperglycemia and the A1C test?

A

The A1C test measures average blood glucose levels over the past two to three months.

100
Q

What is a potential acute complication of severe hyperglycemia?

A

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

101
Q

Fill in the blank: Monitoring _____ is crucial for individuals with diabetes to manage hyperglycemia.

A

blood glucose levels

102
Q

What dietary component should be limited to help manage hyperglycemia?

A

Simple carbohydrates and sugars.

103
Q

Multiple Choice: Which symptom is least likely associated with hyperglycemia? A) Excessive thirst B) Confusion C) Sweating D) Blurred vision

A

C) Sweating

104
Q

What is the primary goal of managing hyperglycemia in diabetes?

A

To maintain blood glucose levels within a target range.

105
Q

What is the primary purpose of a glucose tolerance test?

A

To assess how well the body processes glucose.

106
Q

True or False: A glucose tolerance test is used to diagnose diabetes.

A

True

107
Q

What substance is administered during a glucose tolerance test?

A

Glucose

108
Q

Fill in the blank: The glucose tolerance test typically measures blood glucose levels at _____ and _____ minutes after glucose ingestion.

A

0, 120

109
Q

What is the typical fasting blood glucose level cut-off for diagnosing diabetes?

A

126 mg/dL or higher

110
Q

What is the normal range for blood glucose levels two hours after ingesting glucose?

A

Less than 140 mg/dL

111
Q

Multiple choice: Which of the following is NOT a preparation step for a glucose tolerance test? A) Fasting overnight B) Avoiding exercise C) Eating a high carbohydrate diet D) Drinking water

A

D) Drinking water

112
Q

What condition can a glucose tolerance test help diagnose besides diabetes?

A

Gestational diabetes

113
Q

True or False: A glucose tolerance test can be performed without prior fasting.

A

False

114
Q

What is the standard glucose dose used in a glucose tolerance test?

A

75 grams

115
Q

Fill in the blank: A glucose tolerance test is typically performed over a span of _____ hours.

A

Two

116
Q

What is the significance of a 2-hour blood glucose level between 140 mg/dL and 199 mg/dL?

A

It indicates prediabetes.

117
Q

What is the recommended action if a patient has a blood glucose level of 200 mg/dL or higher after a glucose tolerance test?

A

It suggests diabetes and further testing is needed.

118
Q

Multiple choice: Which population is commonly screened using a glucose tolerance test? A) Elderly B) Pregnant women C) Athletes D) Children

A

B) Pregnant women

119
Q

What can affect the results of a glucose tolerance test?

A

Medications, illness, and stress

120
Q

True or False: The glucose tolerance test is a definitive test for diabetes.

A

False

121
Q

What is the purpose of measuring blood glucose at multiple intervals during the test?

A

To observe how quickly the body clears glucose from the bloodstream.

122
Q

Fill in the blank: A glucose tolerance test is often performed in conjunction with a _____ test.

A

Fasting blood glucose

123
Q

What is a possible risk of undergoing a glucose tolerance test?

A

Nausea or vomiting due to glucose ingestion.

124
Q

What does a blood glucose level of 140 mg/dL or higher but less than 200 mg/dL indicate?

A

Impaired glucose tolerance.

125
Q

How long should a patient fast before a glucose tolerance test?

A

At least 8 hours

126
Q

True or False: The glucose tolerance test is only used for diagnosing diabetes.

A

False

127
Q

What is the preferred method for diagnosing diabetes in symptomatic patients?

A

Random blood glucose test

128
Q

Multiple choice: After how many hours post-glucose ingestion is the second blood sample typically taken? A) 30 minutes B) 1 hour C) 2 hours D) 3 hours

A

C) 2 hours

129
Q

What is indicated by a fasting blood glucose level of 100 to 125 mg/dL?

A

Prediabetes

130
Q

Fill in the blank: The glucose tolerance test is also known as _____ test.

A

Oral glucose tolerance

131
Q

What is glycosylated hemoglobin commonly referred to as?

A

HbA1c

132
Q

True or False: Glycosylated hemoglobin levels reflect average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 weeks.

A

False

133
Q

What time frame do glycosylated hemoglobin levels typically reflect?

A

2-3 months

134
Q

Fill in the blank: The percentage of hemoglobin that is glycosylated is used to monitor __________.

A

diabetes management

135
Q

What does a higher HbA1c level indicate?

A

Poorer blood glucose control

136
Q

What is the normal range for HbA1c in non-diabetic individuals?

A

Less than 5.7%

137
Q

What HbA1c level indicates prediabetes?

A

5.7% to 6.4%

138
Q

What HbA1c level is indicative of diabetes?

A

6.5% or higher

139
Q

True or False: HbA1c testing is affected by recent food intake.

A

False

140
Q

What is the primary factor that causes hemoglobin to become glycosylated?

A

Glucose concentration in the blood

141
Q

Short answer: How is HbA1c measured?

A

Through blood tests

142
Q

Multiple choice: Which of the following conditions can affect HbA1c levels? A) Anemia B) Chronic kidney disease C) Both A and B D) None of the above

A

C) Both A and B

143
Q

Fill in the blank: The formation of glycosylated hemoglobin is a __________ reaction.

A

non-enzymatic

144
Q

True or False: HbA1c levels can be used to diagnose type 1 diabetes.

A

True

145
Q

What is the main advantage of using HbA1c over daily glucose monitoring?

A

It provides a longer-term view of blood glucose control.

146
Q

Short answer: What is the recommended frequency of HbA1c testing for patients with diabetes?

A

Every 3 to 6 months

147
Q

What role does glycosylated hemoglobin play in diabetes management?

A

It helps assess long-term glucose control.

148
Q

Multiple choice: Which of the following is NOT a benefit of HbA1c testing? A) Assessing long-term glucose control B) Immediate glucose level assessment C) Guiding treatment decisions D) Monitoring disease progression

A

B) Immediate glucose level assessment

149
Q

Fill in the blank: HbA1c levels are influenced by __________ factors such as hemoglobin variants.

A

biological

150
Q

True or False: HbA1c testing can be performed at home using a fingerstick method.

A

True

151
Q

What is the relationship between HbA1c and the risk of diabetes-related complications?

A

Higher HbA1c levels are associated with increased risk of complications.

152
Q

Short answer: Name one method of reducing HbA1c levels.

A

Improving diet and increasing physical activity

153
Q

Multiple choice: Which of the following is a common target HbA1c level for many adults with diabetes? A) 7% B) 8% C) 6% D) 5%

A

A) 7%

154
Q

Fill in the blank: Glycosylated hemoglobin can also be referred to as __________ hemoglobin.

A

glycated

155
Q

True or False: HbA1c can be used to monitor the effectiveness of diabetes medications.

A

True

156
Q

What are ketones?

A

Ketones are organic compounds produced during the metabolism of fatty acids.

157
Q

What is C-peptide?

A

C-peptide is a peptide that is released when insulin is produced by the pancreas.

158
Q

True or False: Ketones are primarily produced in the liver.

A

True

159
Q

Fill in the blank: Ketones are an alternative energy source during __________.

A

starvation or low carbohydrate intake

160
Q

What is the primary function of C-peptide?

A

C-peptide serves as a marker for insulin production.

161
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following conditions can lead to increased ketone production? A) Diabetes Mellitus B) Hypertension C) Hyperlipidemia D) None of the above

A

A) Diabetes Mellitus

162
Q

What are the three main types of ketone bodies?

A

Acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone.

163
Q

True or False: C-peptide levels can help differentiate between type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

A

True

164
Q

What is the relationship between insulin and C-peptide?

A

C-peptide is released in equal amounts to insulin when proinsulin is cleaved.

165
Q

Fill in the blank: High levels of ketones in the blood can lead to a condition known as __________.

A

ketoacidosis

166
Q

What is the significance of measuring C-peptide levels in patients?

A

It helps assess the function of pancreatic beta cells.

167
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following can cause low C-peptide levels? A) Insulinoma B) Type 1 Diabetes C) Obesity D) All of the above

A

B) Type 1 Diabetes

168
Q

What metabolic state promotes ketone production?

A

Ketosis.

169
Q

True or False: Ketones can be used by the brain as an energy source.

A

True

170
Q

Fill in the blank: C-peptide testing is often used to evaluate __________.

A

insulinoma or insulin resistance

171
Q

What is the primary cause of diabetic ketoacidosis?

A

Insufficient insulin levels leading to increased ketogenesis.

172
Q

Multiple Choice: Which condition is least likely to elevate ketone levels? A) Fasting B) High carbohydrate diet C) Prolonged exercise D) Starvation

A

B) High carbohydrate diet

173
Q

What role do ketones play in energy metabolism?

A

They provide an alternative energy source when glucose is scarce.

174
Q

True or False: C-peptide has a longer half-life than insulin.

A

True

175
Q

Fill in the blank: The presence of ketones in urine can indicate __________.

A

ketosis or diabetic ketoacidosis

176
Q

What is the typical range for normal C-peptide levels in adults?

A

0.5 to 2.0 ng/mL.

177
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a symptom of ketoacidosis? A) Nausea B) Hyperactivity C) Hypertension D) Weight gain

A

A) Nausea

178
Q

What is one potential complication of high ketone levels?

A

Diabetic ketoacidosis.

179
Q

True or False: C-peptide is used as a treatment for diabetes.

A

False

180
Q

Fill in the blank: The conversion of fatty acids to ketones occurs in the __________.

A

mitochondria of liver cells

Clinical Chemistry (11 decks)

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