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Psychology > Milgram > Flashcards

Milgram Flashcards

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1
Q

Who prompted milgram to complete this study

A

Adolf Eichmann

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2
Q

Who was Adolf Eichmann

A

He was a key player in the implementation of the mass murder of Jewish people during WW2
He was arrested in 1960 and brought to trial in Israel as a war criminal

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3
Q

Why did Adolf Eichmann believe he was innocent

A

He believed that what he did was not his fault and instead only the fault of the political leaders
He said that he was just being obedient and it was not easy for him to follow the orders that he was given

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4
Q

Why did milgram want to carry out his study

A

He wanted to test whether Germans were different from other humans or if anyone is capable of being as obedient as the nazis if put in the situation

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5
Q

What was the aim of the study

A

To investigate the process of obedience by testing how far ordinary Americans would go in obeying an authority figure

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6
Q

Describe the sample method used

A

40 males from New Haven
Aged from between 20-50
From a wide range of occupations but no students

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7
Q

What type of sample method was used

A

Self selected sampling
An ad was out in the local paper and sent around by direct mail
An incentive of $4.50 payment was given

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8
Q

Advantages of the sample collected

A
  • range of occupations
  • representative of the Germans working in the camps during WW2
  • didn’t require training
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9
Q

Disadvantages of sample collected

A
  • There may be important gender differences missed
  • only new haven residents asked who may have been wealthier
  • sample collected was small
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10
Q

Advantages of sampling method

A
  • easy
  • gain consent as people volunteered
  • no bias from the researcher
  • people who volunteered match standards needed
  • volunteers are willing so likely to participate fully
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11
Q

Disadvantages of sampling method

A
  • expensive due to payments
  • if people volunteer they are more likely to be more obedient naturally
  • time consuming
  • limited amount of people as only some got given the ad
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12
Q

Who was Mr Wallace

A

A confederate acting as a middle aged salesman who is also “taking part” in the research

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13
Q

What is a confederate

A

Someone who behaves as instructed by the researcher

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14
Q

What were the quantitative findings

A

65% of participants socked the learner to 450V
0% left before 300V
14 showed nervous laughter
3 had “full blown uncontrollable seizures”

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15
Q

What were the qualitative findings

A

Participants were observed to “sweat, tremble, stutter, bite their lips, groan and dig their fingernails into their flesh”

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16
Q

What were the quotes taken from participants

A
  • “I think he’s trying to communicate, he’s knocking”
  • “well it’s not fair to shock the guy”
  • “these are terrific volts. I don’t think this is very humane”
  • “oh, I can’t go on with this”
  • “he’s banging in there. I’m gonna chicken out. I’d like to continue but I can’t do that to a man”
  • “I’m sorry I can’t do that to a man. I’ll hurt his heart. You take your money”
17
Q

What makes milgrams study a controlled observation

A

He told the same cover story
They all had a fixed lottery
Mr Wallace’s reactions we’re all played at the same times
They all got the sample shock of 45V
They all had the same shock generator
They all completed the same word pair task
They were all watched through a one way mirror

18
Q

What conclusions were formed

A

The situation produce strong tendencies to obey
The situation had caused emotional strain and tension
Germans are not different

19
Q

Why did the participants obey

A

The study took place at Yale university
The results would be useful to people
The learner had supposedly volunteered to take part
Because the participant had volunteered and was being paid they felt obliged to continue
Both “participants” ran the risk of being the learner
There was a lack of clarity about what would be classed as overstepping the limits
Participants were told the shocked aren’t dangerous
The researcher was dressed in a lab coat so seemed competent

20
Q

Why were the participants stressed

A

The learner was asking them to stop shocking him and banging on the walls
The experimenter kept prodding them to carry on with the study
The participants were unable to meet the demands of both the learner and experimenter which caused them to experience severe emotional strain

21
Q

What were the prods that the experimenter used

A

Please continue
The experiment requires that you continue
It is absolutely essential that you continue
You have no other choice you must go on

22
Q

What are the strengths of the observation as a whole

A
  • very controlled so every patient had the same experience
  • the sample was quite diverse in terms of age and occupations so perhaps the results are true for most people
  • participants volunteered to take part so we’re willing
  • the controls meant nothing else was influencing the result
  • they were lied to about what the study was for and so people didn’t alter their behaviour to fit the results the thought were wanted
  • the sample were similar to people who would have been officers in WW2
23
Q

What are the weaknesses of the study as a whole

A
  • it wasnt a very realistic scenario
  • people were harmed emotionally and physically (seizures)
  • consent was gained for a different study as people were lied to
  • only men participated
  • only Americans participated
  • participants felt they couldn’t leave due to prods and being paid
  • they could have been obedient due to the study being carried out at yale or because the way were paid instead of the experimenter
24
Q

Where did the study take place

A

A controlled laboratory in Yale University

25
Q

What percentage of people increased the voltage entirely

A

65%

26
Q

When was the study published

A

1963

27
Q

What was the age range of participants

A

20-50

28
Q

How many people had seizures

A

3

29
Q

How many candidates did milgram originally want

A

500

30
Q

How many candidates were collected

A

40

31
Q

What was the lowest voltage and how much did the shock generator increase by

A

15V

32
Q

What was the highest voltage on the shock generator

A

450V

33
Q

What happened at 300V

A

The first person stopped shocking Mr Wallace due to him banging on the walls and sounding distressed

34
Q

What happened in 1960 and why

A

Adolf Eichmann went to trial due to being involved in the mass murder of Jews in concentration camps as a part of the Final Solution in WW2

35
Q

How much were candidates paid as an incentive

A

$4.50 with car fare

36
Q

When was the study carried out

A

1962

37
Q

What was the voltage of the test shock given to the candidate

A

45V

38
Q

How many people showed signs of sweating and nervous laughter

A

14

Psychology (11 decks)

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