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Psychology > Loftus & Palmer > Flashcards

Loftus & Palmer Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the background of loftus and palmers study

A

Interested in the fragility of memory
Heavily interested in the validity of eyewitness testimony
Believed stress could influence the memory lf the event they had witnessed as well as the way the interview was carried out

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2
Q

What is schema theory

A

Ability to retain information and to demonstrate this retention of information through behaviour

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3
Q

What is reconstructive memory

A

The way in which our biases and prejudices can unconsciously lead us to have memories of events that are distortions of what actually happened

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4
Q

What are leading questions

A

A question which, by its form of content, suggests what answer is desired

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5
Q

What are leading questions

A

A question which, by its form of content, suggests what answer is desired

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6
Q

What was the aim of loftus & palmers study

A

To investigate the effect of language on memory

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7
Q

What research method is used in loftus & palmers study

A

Lab experiment
IV was manipulated by the researcher and the study took place in a controlled setting

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8
Q

What is the sample for loftus & palmers first experiment

A

45 students, split into 5 groups of 9 from Washington USA

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9
Q

What was the independent variable for loftus & palmers first experiment

A
  1. Hit
  2. Collided
  3. Smashed
  4. Contacted
  5. Bumped
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10
Q

What is the dependent variable for loftus & palmers first experiment

A

Estimated speed of the car in the videos

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11
Q

What is the procedure for loftus & palmers first experiment

A
  1. Students were shown 7 clips from the police department. The staged clips lasted between 5 and 30 seconds. 4/7 clips contained staged crashes of which the speed when they crashed was known. Clips were shown in a different order for each participant
  2. After each clip they were given a questionnaire of 2 parts
    - asked to give an account of the accident
    - would answer questions on the accident
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12
Q

What data collection was used in loftus & palmers first experiment

A

Self report - key as cannot obtain insight into thought processes any other way

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13
Q

What was the mean speed reported in the first experiment when smashed was the verb used

A

40.8

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14
Q

What was the mean speed reported in the first experiment when hit was the verb used

A

34.0

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15
Q

What were the conclusions found for loftus and palmers first experiment

A

People are not good at estimation speed
The form of the question does change the answer given by the witness

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16
Q

What were the two explanations for the results from the first experiment

A

Response bias - the word in the critical question biases participants to give a different speed estimate
Memory change - word in the critical question changed the memory the participant had about how fast the car was going

17
Q

What was the sample for loftus and palmers second experiment

A

150 students split into 3 groups of 50 from Washington USA

18
Q

What was the independent variable in loftus and palmers second experiment

A

Each group was asked a different version of the critical question biases
1. Hit
2. Smashed
3. Control - no question about speed

19
Q

What was the procedure for loftus and palmers second experiment

A
  1. Participants watched a clip lasting 1 minute of a multiple car crash. They then answered the first questionnaire which included the critical question which was changed for each group
    - about what speed when hit
    - about what speed when smashed
    - not asked about speed
  2. A week later participants returned to answer ten more questions including the critical “did you see any broken glass”
20
Q

What was the dependent variable for loftus and palmers second experiment

A

Whether the participant (incorrectly) remembers seeing broken glass
Estimated speed if the car in videos

21
Q

What were the controls of loftus and palmers second experiment

A

Video used
Time between testing
Critical question

22
Q

What were the results of loftus and palmers second experiment

A

16/50 participants remembered seeing broken glass when asked the “smashed” question
7/50 participants remembered seeing broken glass when asked the “hit” question
6/50 participants remembered seeing broken glass when not asked about the speed

23
Q

What was the conclusion for loftus and palmers second experiment

A

The form of a question does change the witness’ memory

24
Q

What are the two explanations of loftus and palmers findings

A

Own perception of the event is what you think happened
External information is content given after the event through questioning from the police, media coverage

25
Q

Which ethical guidelines were broken

A

Deception - not told the true aim of the study and deceived by irrelevant questions
Protection from harm - participants may have been upset by watching car accidents

26
Q

What ethical guidelines were kept

A

Consent - students consented to their participation

27
Q

How was loftus and palmers study ethnocentric

A

Research was only carried out with American students but it could be argued that is doesn’t matter where research was carried out due to the fact memory is universal

28
Q

How is loftus and palmers research internally reliable

A

Procedure was standardised as all participants watched the same staged car accidents, had the same questions and had the same amount of time between testing in experiment 2

29
Q

How is loftus and palmers research externally reliable

A

Experiment 1 - 5 groups of 9 is not large enough to establish a consistent effect
Experiment 2 - 3 groups of 50 is large enough to establish a consistent effect

30
Q

How is loftus and palmers study internally valid

A

Very controlled so unlikely to have extraneous variables
People may have said they saw broken glass due to demand characteristics

31
Q

How was loftus and palmers study ecologically valid

A

Staged car accidents not real ones - hard to replicate how someone will behave in the real scenario

32
Q

How does loftus and palmers study not show population validity

A

Sample were all students from America so lacking diversity

Psychology (14 decks)

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