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Experiments Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an independent variable

A

The aspect which’s changed in an experiment

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2
Q

What is a dependent variable

A

What is measured within an experiment

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3
Q

What is a control

A

Something which is kept the same for all participants

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4
Q

What is an experimental condition

A

The group who experience the manipulation of the independent variable

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5
Q

What is a control condition

A

The group who do not experience manipulation of the independent variable

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6
Q

What is a laboratory experiment

A

One which takes place in a controlled setting

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7
Q

What is a field experiment

A

One which takes place in a naturalistic setting

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8
Q

What is a quasi experiment

A

One which has an IV that is not manipulated by the experimenter (race or age)

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9
Q

What are strengths of laboratory experiments

A

Controlled setting reduces effects of extraneous variables (high construct validity)
Increases internal re,inability as has high level of controls

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10
Q

What are weaknesses of laboratory experiments

A

Low ecological validity (cannot generalise to real life)
More effort to conduct
People may not act natural (lowers construct validity)

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11
Q

What are strengths of field experiments

A

High ecological validity as takes place in natural setting
High construct validity (more at ease due to natural environment)
Less effort to conduct People may

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12
Q

What are weaknesses of field experiments

A

Higher chance of extraneous variables (lowers construct validity)
Participants may have different experiences

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13
Q

What are strengths of quasi experiments

A

High ecological validity as IV is not manipulated
Helps to study variables that cannot be manipulated

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14
Q

What are weaknesses of quasi experiments

A

Difficult to conduct
Cannot control some participant variables (lowers construct validity)

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15
Q

What is an extraneous variable

A

A factor which can influence your dependent variable that are not the IV
They lower construct validity

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16
Q

What are examples of extraneous variables

A

Situational
Environmental
Participant
Order effects
Demand characteristics
Social desirability bias

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17
Q

What are situational variables

A

When a feature if the research scenario influenced results

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18
Q

What are environmental variables

A

When a feature of the research environment influences results (noise or light)

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19
Q

What are participant variables

A

When the diversity of participants influences results

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20
Q

What are order effects

A

When participants do better or worse in the second condition due to practice or fatigue

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21
Q

What are demand characteristics

A

When participants try to work out the sun of the study and as a result, change their behaviour

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22
Q

What is social desirability bias

A

When participants change their behaviour to look better to others (concealing true behaviour)

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23
Q

What is independent measures

A

When different people are used in each condition

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24
Q

What are repeated measures

A

When the same people are used in each condition

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25
Q

What has matched participants design

A

When similar people are used in each condition of the experiment

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26
Q

What are strengths of repeated measures

A

Remove effects of any participant variables
Easier to obtain sample as fewer participants needed

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27
Q

What are weaknesses of repeated measures design

A

Demand characteristics - lowers construct validity
Order effects may influence results unless counterbalanced

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28
Q

What are the strengths of independent measures

A

Less likely to show demand characteristics as unaware of study’s aim
No order effects as only take part in one condition

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29
Q

What are the weaknesses of independent measures design

A

Effort to collect more participants
Findings may be influenced by participants variables

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30
Q

What are order effects

A

When participants do better or worse in the second condition due to practice or fatigue

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31
Q

What are strengths of matched participants

A

Reduced effects of participant variables
No order effects as different participants for conditions
Lower chance of demand characteristics Social desirability

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32
Q

What are the weaknesses of matched participants

A

Effort to conduct a protest and match all participants
Cannot control all extraneous variables

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33
Q

What are demand characteristics

A

When participants try to guess the aim of the study and as a result, change their behaviour to look

34
Q

What is researcher bias

A

When the researcher influences the participants behaviour or responses

35
Q

What is a single blind procedure

A

Participants are unaware what condition they are in

36
Q

What is a double blind procedure

A

Both the participants and researchers are unaware what condition everyone is in

37
Q

What is an alternative hypothesis

A

There will be a significant difference in the DV between the IV groups

38
Q

What is a null hypothesis

A

There will be no significant difference in the DV between the IV groups. Any difference will be due to chance factors

39
Q

What is a one tailed hypothesis

A

The XX group will be significantly better than the XXX group at the DV
Predicts difference and direction

40
Q

What is a two tailed hypothesis

A

There will be significant difference in the DV between IV groups
Predicts a significant difference only

41
Q

What does it mean to operationalise something

A

Decide how you wish to measure the variables within psychological research

42
Q

What is self selecting sampling

A

Participants volunteer to take part in the study

43
Q

What is opportunity sampling

A

Participants are obtained at the same time and place of the research

44
Q

What is snowball sampling

A

Participants suggest other people to take part in the

45
Q

What is random sampling

A

Every member of target population has an equal chance of being selected as a participant

46
Q

What are strengths of self selecting sampling

A

Easy to obtain
Already given consent and more likely to continue
No researcher bias

47
Q

What are the weaknesses of self selecting sampling

A

Unrepresentative sample
Expensive if there is a money incentive
Could lead to a small sample if lack of volunteers

48
Q

What are strengths of opportunity sampling

A

Easy to obtain at time of study
Can obtain target population (depending when and where)

49
Q

What are weaknesses of opportunity sampling

A

Unrepresentative sample so low population validity
Researcher bias as they choose who to approach

50
Q

What are strengths of random sampling

A

Everyone has an equal chance of being selected
Representative of target population

51
Q

What are weaknesses of random sampling

A

Everyone has an equal chance of being selected which can lead to outliers
Sometimes hard to ensure all have an equal chance
Selected people may not being willing to take part
Effort

52
Q

What are the strengths of snowball sampling

A

Easy to obtain sample especially if difficult target population

53
Q

What are the weaknesses of snowball sampling

A

Not able to generalise sample - family and friends often have similar characteristics

54
Q

What is primary data

A

Data obtained by the researchers directly

55
Q

What is secondary data

A

Data that is obtained using another source

56
Q

What is quantitative data

A

Data represented by numbers such as scores or ratings

57
Q

What is qualitative data

A

Data represented by words such as quotes or observations

58
Q

What are strengths of quantitate data

A

Easy to compare
No researcher bias
Easy to summarise
Easier to establish reliability of results

59
Q

What are weaknesses of quantitative data

A

May not be representative of participants everyday behaviour - low ecological validity
Doesn’t show finer details such as why people behave or feel a certain way

60
Q

What are strengths of qualitative data

A

More detail about participant experience
Richer data to improve validity

61
Q

What are the weaknesses of qualitative data

A

Harder to compare participants and conditions
Cannot present in a graph
Harder to analyse
Can have researcher bias due to being interpreted multiple ways

62
Q

What is raw data

A

The data collected in a study before analysis takes place

63
Q

What are descriptive statistics

A

Ways to summarise the findings of a study

64
Q

What are inferential statistics

A

Statistical tests to find out the significance of the results

65
Q

Strengths of the mean

A

Involves all data which means more representative findings

66
Q

What are weaknesses of the mean

A

Includes outliers
Can give decimal figures

67
Q

What are strengths of the median

A

Discounts outliers so not skewed

68
Q

What are weaknesses of the median

A

Does not include all data collected
May be a decimal figure

69
Q

What are strengths of the mode

A

Easy to calculate
A,ways a whole value
Can be done with qualitative data

70
Q

What are weaknesses of the mode

A

May be more than one mode
Doesn’t include all data points

71
Q

What does variance tell you

A

The spread of each value from the mean

72
Q

What does standard deviation tell you

A

The spread of data in relation to the mean

73
Q

How do you calculate variance

A

Find differences between scores and mean
Square them
Add them up
Divide by the number of participants minus 1

74
Q

How to calculate standard deviation

A

Square root the variance

75
Q

What are strengths of range

A

Easy to calculate
Does show the spread between minimum and maximum

76
Q

What are weaknesses of range

A

Does not show spread is even
Can be skewed by outliers
Does not include all data

77
Q

What are strengths of variance

A

Takes into account all values in data set
Less likely to be affected by outliers Does not

78
Q

What are weaknesses of variance

A

More time consuming to calculate
Not in the same units as original measure

79
Q

What are strengths of standard deviation

A

Same units as original measure
Easy to calculate if variance is already done

80
Q

What are weaknesses of standard deviation

A

Takes into account extreme outliers

Psychology (14 decks)

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