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Psychology > Debates > Flashcards

Debates Flashcards

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1
Q

Define ethics

A

The guidelines that must be kept by the researchers in order to protect the wellbeing of participants involved in their research

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2
Q

What are the six ethical guidelines

A

Informed consent
Confidentiality
Deception
Debrief
Right to withdraw
Protection from harm

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3
Q

What is informed consent

A

Participants must agree to take part and know what the research involves

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4
Q

What is confidentiality

A

The personal details of participants must be kept confidential

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5
Q

What is deception

A

Participants must not be tricked in any way during their involvement in the study

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6
Q

What is debrief

A

Participants must be informed of study details at the end of their participations

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7
Q

What is the right to withdraw

A

Participants are able to leave at any time and they do not need to say why they wish to leave

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8
Q

What is protection from harm

A

Participants should not experience mental or physical harm as a result of their involvement

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9
Q

What are the broader ethical principles

A

Respect
Competence
Responsibility
Integrity

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10
Q

What ethical guidelines are within respect

A

Informed consent
Right to withdraw
Confidentiality

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11
Q

What ethical guidelines are within competence

A

Research shouldn’t give advice beyond that which they are competent to give

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12
Q

What ethical guidelines are within responsibility

A

Protection from harm
Debrief

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13
Q

What ethical guidelines are within integrity

A

Deception

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14
Q

What are example of studies that break the ethical guidelines

A

Milgram
Piliavin

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15
Q

What are examples of studies that follow ethical guidelines

A
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16
Q

What are the benefits of research being ethical

A
  • avoids participants leaving the study in a worse state than they entered
  • allows for replication of the study as it is reliable
  • enhances the credibility as an academic deisciplime
  • researchers are likely to get other participants in the future
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17
Q

What are the drawbacks of research being ethical

A
  • it can place limits on the sort of research carried out
  • can reduce accuracy if participants know the aim
  • sampling bias can be a problem if participants are able to withdraw
  • insisting on participants being confidential could silence them and prevent them from having people know that a particular result in a study related to them
18
Q

What is the individual/situational debate

A

It focuses on the extent to which a persons behaviour is the result of their personality as opposed to the context they are in

19
Q

What are situational explanations

A

Ones that suggest that behaviour is best explained by reference to the circumstances a person is in

20
Q

What are individual explanations

A

Ones that suggest behaviour is explained as arising from a persons own personality or characteristics

21
Q

Why was milgrams study on the situational side of the debate

A
  • it was held in Yale
  • experimenter was watching and providing prods
  • they were paid
  • there was a fixed lottery
22
Q

Why was milgrams study on the individual side of the debate

A
  • they volunteered
  • they could have been introverted or extroverted
23
Q

Why was piliavins study on the situational side of the debate

A
  • couldn’t leave the train
  • they knew what the problem was
  • models prompted to help
  • the type of victim
24
Q

Why was piliavins study on the individual side of the debate

A
  • no diffusion of responsibility
  • sex: 90% of first helpers were male
25
Q

What is nature

A

That we are a product of genetic inheritance and factors are innate

26
Q

What is nurture

A

Products of our upbringing

27
Q

What are two examples of studies that link to nature

A

Kohlberg

28
Q

What are two study that link to nurture

A

Bandura

29
Q

What are strengths of the nature argument

A

Uses scientific measures
Extraneous variables are highly controlled
Cause and effect can be established

30
Q

What are weaknesses of the nature debate

A

Implies behaviours are naturally inclined and not at all behaving in a way we choose
Fails to take into account external influences on behaviour

31
Q

What are weaknesses for the nurture debate

A

Suggest upbringing and environment directly influence behaviour
Ignores the impact of personality

32
Q

What are strengths of the nurture side of the debate

A

Practical and useful applications
Can be used to change and influence behaviour

33
Q

What are some problems with doing useful research

A

Findings may be used in negative ways
Ethical guidelines may be broken
Uninteresting research may be conducted

34
Q

How is milligrams study useful in a positive way

A

Can be used by legitimate authority figures such as police or teachers to try and encourage following rules

35
Q

How is piliavins study useful in a positive way

A

Can be used to highlight to medical staff possible biases there may be

36
Q

How is banduras study useful in a positive way

A

Can be used by teachers and parents to ensure they are only displaying behaviours they wish children will imitate

37
Q

How is kohlbergs study useful in a positive way

A

Can be used by teachers to identify what stage their students are in and change their teaching tactics accordingly

38
Q

How is milligrams study useful in a negative way

A

Can be used by illegitimate authority figures to encourage obedience to their rules

39
Q

How is piliavins study useful in a negative way

A

Can be used as a mechanism for scams

40
Q

How is banduras study useful in a negative way

A

Can be used to encourage children to display bad behaviours

41
Q

How is kohlbergs study useful in a negative way

A

Can be used by extremest group leaders to make their ideas fit with the morals of the person they wish to join

Psychology (14 decks)

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