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112 > Midterms | Integumentary System > Flashcards

Midterms | Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Compositions of the integumentary system

A

Skin
Hair
Oil and sweat glands
Nails
Sensory receptors

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2
Q

Medical specialty that deals with the structure, function and disorders of the integumentary system

A

Dermatology

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3
Q

Dermatology is a medical specialty that deals with the (1), (2) and (3) of the integumentary system

A
  1. structure
  2. function
  3. disorders
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4
Q

Functions of the integumentary system

A
  1. Regulates body temperature
  2. Stores blood
  3. Protects body from external environment
  4. Detects cutaneous sensations
  5. Excretes and absorbs substances
  6. Synthesizes VITAMIN D
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5
Q

Other term for the skin

A

Cutaneous membrane

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6
Q

Largest organ of body in weight

A

Skin

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7
Q

Measurement, weight, and percentage of the skin in adults

A

Skin covers 2 square meters and weighs 4.5-5 kg (7% of the total body weight)

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8
Q

Thickness of the skin in diff body parts

A

0.5 mm (eyelids)
4 mm (heels)
1-2 mm (most of the body)

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9
Q

Superficial parts of the skin

A

Epidermis
Dermis

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10
Q

Storage depot for fat and contains blood vessels that supply the skin

A

Subcutaneous

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11
Q

What tissues does the hypodermis contain?

A

consists of areolar and adipose tissue

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12
Q

What type of epithelial tissue is the epidermis made up of?

A

Made up of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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13
Q

4 principal types of cells of the epidermis

A
  1. Keratinocytes
  2. Melanocytes
  3. Intraedpidermal Macrophanges/ Langerhans Cells
  4. Tactile Epithelial Cells/ Merkel Disc
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14
Q

Functions of each cells of the epidermis

A
  1. Keratinocytes: produces keratin
  2. Melanocytes: produces melanin
  3. Intraedpidermal Macrophanges/ Langerhans Cells: participate in immune response, help other cells of the immune system recognize an invading microbe and destroy it
  4. Tactile Epithelial Cells/ Merkel Disc: detect touch sensations
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15
Q

Helps protect the skin and underlying tissue from abrasion, heat, microbes, and chemicals

A

Keratin

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16
Q

What does keratin protect the skin and underlying tissue from?

A

Abrasion
Heat
Microbes
Chemicals

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17
Q

Function of melanin

A

Contributes to skin color and absorbs damaging UV light

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18
Q

Color range which the melanin contribute

A

Yellowish - red
Black - brown

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19
Q

One responsible for producing vitamin D

A

Skin

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20
Q

Advantage of vitamin D

A

Helps maintain protective barrier against sun damage

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21
Q

Nerve endings sensitive to pressure

A

Lamellated corpuscles

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22
Q

Where do intraepidermal macrophanges arise from?

A

Red bone marrow

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23
Q

Where is the tactile epithelial cell located?

A

Deepest layer of the epidermis (Stratum basale; along with melanocytes)

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24
Q

Principal layers/ strata of cells

A
  1. Stratum Basale
  2. Stratum Spinosum
  3. Stratum Granulosum
  4. Stratum Lucidum
  5. Stratum Corneum
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25
Q

Describe stratum basale

A

▪ Deepest layer
▪ Single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes
▪ Contains KERATIN INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS

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26
Q

Other term for stratum basale

A

Stratum germinativum

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27
Q

Protects deeper layer from injury

A

Keratin

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28
Q

Where is keratin attached to (in diff parts of the skin)

A
  • Desmosomes (Stratum spinosum)
  • Hemidesmosomes (Epidermis and Dermis)
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29
Q

Describe stratum spinosum

A

▪ Superficial to stratum basale
▪ With coarse bundles of keratin in intermediate filaments
▪ Cells shrink and pull apart appearing like thornlike spines

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30
Q

Function of thornlike spines of stratum spinosum

A

Provides strength and flexibility of skin

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31
Q

Describe stratum granulosum

A

▪ Middle of epidermis
▪ With 3-5 layers of keratinocytes undergoing APOPTOSIS

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32
Q

Assembles keratin intermediate filaments to keratin

A

Keratohyalin

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33
Q

Fuses plasma membrane and release lipid-rich secretion

A

Lamellar granules

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34
Q

Water-repellent sealant

A

Lipid-rich secretion

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35
Q

Function of lipid-rich secretion released by lamellar granules

A

Manage entry and exit of water and foreign substances

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36
Q

Describe stratum lucidum

A

▪ Present only in the thick skin (fingertips, palms and soles
▪ 4-5 layers of flattened, clear and dead keratinocytes (with thick plasma membranes)

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37
Q

Provides an additional level of toughness in this region of the skin

A

Stratum lucidum (Needs tp be thick for it is prone to friction)

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38
Q

Describe stratum corneum

A

▪ Cells are extremely thick, flat, plasma membrane-enclosed packages of keratin
▪ Final product of the process of keratinocytes
▪ Cells overlap one another like the scales on the skin of a snake

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39
Q

Constant exposure of skin to friction (increased cell and keratin production)

A

Callus

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40
Q

Abnormal thickening of stratum corneum

A

Callus

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41
Q

Describe the dermis

A

● Composition: Dense irregular connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers
● Has the ability to stretch and recoil easily
● Blood vessels, nerves, glands and hair follicle

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42
Q

Regions of the dermis

A
  1. Papillary region (superficial region)
  2. Reticular region (deeper region)
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43
Q

Small, nipple-shaped structures that project into the undersurface of the epidermis (with capillary loops/blood
vessels)

A

Dermal Papillae

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44
Q

Nerve endings sensitive to touch (warmth, coolness, pain, tickling and itching)

A

Corpuscles Of Touch/ Meissner Corpuscles

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45
Q

Contains bundles of thick collagen fibers, scattered fibroblasts and various wandering cells

A

Reticular region

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46
Q

What does the reticular region contain?

A

Bundles of thick collagen fibers,
scattered fibroblasts, and
various wandering cells

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47
Q

Arranged in a netlike manner (helps the skin resist stretching)

A

Collagen fibers

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48
Q

Arrangement of collagen fibers, and why?

A

Netlike manner. Helps the skin resist stretching

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49
Q

Provides strength, extensibility, ability to stretch, and elasticity

A

Collagen fibers and elastic fibers

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50
Q

Ability of substances to stretch and go back to its original shape

A

Elasticity

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51
Q

Dead, keratinized epidermal cells

A

Hair

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52
Q

Other term for hair

A

Pili

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53
Q

Anatomy of the hair

A

A. Shaft
B. Root

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54
Q

Describe the shaft of the hair

A
  • Superficial portion
  • Projects above the skin
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55
Q

Describe the root of the hair

A
  • Hair deep to the shaft
  • Penetrates dermis, sometimes the subcutaneous layer
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56
Q

3 concentric layers of the hair root

A
  1. Inner medulla
  2. Middle cortex
  3. Cuticle of the hair
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57
Q

Lacking in thinner hair

A

Inner medulla

58
Q

Small amounts of pigment granules in gray hair

A

Inner medulla

59
Q

Lack of pigment granules and presence of air bubbles in white hair

A

Inner medulla

60
Q

What are absent and present in white hair?

A

Lacks pigment granules
There is presence of air bubbles

61
Q

Major shaft of hair root

A

Middle cortex

62
Q

Outermost layer of hair root

A

Cuticle of the Hair

63
Q

Cuticle cells on the shaft are arranged like —

A

Arranged like shingles, with their free edges pointing toward the end of the hair

64
Q

Surrounding of the root of the hair

A

Hair follicle

65
Q

Parts of the hair follicle

A
  • Internal root sheath
  • External root sheath
66
Q

Together, the external and internal root sheath are referred to as the —

A

epithelial root sheath

67
Q

Produced at the matrix, and forms a cellular tubular sheath
of epithelium between the external root sheath and the hair

A

Internal root sheath

68
Q

Downward continuation of the epidermis

A

External root sheath

69
Q

Base of the hair follicle

A

Bulb

70
Q

Contains connective tissue and many BV that nourishes the growing hair follicle

A

Papilla of the hair

71
Q

Arise from the stratum basale (site of cell division)

A

Hair matrix

72
Q

Germinal layer of cells

A

Hair matrix

73
Q

Function of the hair matrix

A

Responsible for the growth of existing hairs and produces new hair when old hairs shed

74
Q

Smooth muscle that extends from the superficial dermis of the skin to the dermal root sheath around the side of the hair follicle.

A

Arrector Pili

75
Q

Arrector pili is a (1) that extends from the (2) of the skin to the (3) around the side of the hair follicle.

A
  1. smooth muscle
  2. superficial dermis
  3. dermal root sheath
76
Q

Generate nerve impulses if hair shafts are moved

A

Hair root plexus (Dendrites of neurons)

77
Q

Normal growth of hair

A

90 degrees angle

78
Q

Other term for goosebumps

A

Gooseflesh

79
Q

Goosebumps/ Gooseflesh
Under (1) or (2) (cold/fright), autonomic nerve endings stimulate the (3) to contract,
which pulls the (4) perpendicular to the skin surface

A
  1. psychological
  2. emotional stress
  3. arrector pili muscles
  4. hair shafts
80
Q

Skin glands

A
  1. Sebaceous (Oil) Glands
  2. Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands
  3. Ceruinous Glands
81
Q

Description (appearance) of sebaceous glands

A

Simple, branched, acinar (rounded) glands

82
Q

Where are sebaceous glands present?

A

Lips
Glans penis
Labia minora
Tarsal glands of the eyelids

83
Q

What do sebacous glands secrete?

A

Sebum

84
Q

Coats surface of hair and helps them from drying and becoming brittle.

A

Sebum

85
Q

Prevents excessive evaporation of water from the skin, making it soft and pliable

A

Sebum

86
Q

What do sudoriferous glands release?

A

Sweat/ perspiration

87
Q

Classifications of sudoriferous glands

A
  1. Eccrine sweat glands
  2. Apocrine sweat glands
88
Q

Differentiate eccrine and apocrine sweat glands in terms of WHEN it occurs in a person

A

Eccrine sweat glands are present at birth while apocrine sweat glands occurs once patient reaches puberty

89
Q

Differentiate eccrine and apocrine sweat glands in terms of WHERE (part of body) it occurs

A

Eccrine: Forehead, palms and soles

Apocrine: Axilla, groin, areola of breasts, bearded regions around
the face of adult males.

90
Q

Helps regulate body temperature through evaporation (large quantities of heat leave the body).

A

Eccrine sweat glands

91
Q

Differentiate eccrine and apocrine sweat glands in terms of their secretory (where sweat is produced) and excretory (where sweat will come out) portions

A

ECCRINE
Secretory: Dermis
Excretory: Epidermis

APOCRINE
Secretory: Deep dermis and upper subq layer
Excretory: Hair follicles

92
Q

Homeostatic regulation of body temperature

A

Thermoregulation

93
Q

Helps the body achieve thermoregulation

A

Thermoregulatory sweating

94
Q

Under eccrine glnds, we have insensible and sensible perspiration. Differentiate the two

A

Insensible perspiration: Sweat that evaporates from the skin before it is perceived as moisture

Sensible perspiration: Sweat that is excreted in larger amounts and seen as moisture on the skin

95
Q

Released sweat in response to emotional stress such as fear or embarrassment (palms, soles and axilla)

A

Emotional sweating/ Cold sweat

96
Q

Where emotional sweating first occurs

A

Palms
Soles
Axilla

97
Q

Simple, coiled, tubular glands

A

Apocrine sweat glands

98
Q

Apocrine sweat glands appears (1) and (2) in color

A
  1. milky
  2. yellowish
99
Q

Apocrine sweat interacts with (1), this metabolizes the components causing the (2) , thus called (3)

A
  1. bacteria
  2. MUSKY ODOR
  3. BODY ODOR
100
Q

Modified sweat glands in the external ear

A

Ceruminous glands

101
Q

Produces waxy lubricating secretion

A

Ceruminous glands

102
Q

Secretory and excretory portion of ceruminous glands

A

Secretory: Subcutaneous layer
Excretory: Surface of EAM/ ducts of sebaceous glands

103
Q

Other term for earwax

A

Cerumen

104
Q

CERUMEN/EARWAX: yellowish combination of (1) and (2)

A
  1. ceruminous
  2. sebaceous sweat glands
105
Q

Provides a sticky barrier to impede the entrance of foreign bodies and insects

A

Cerumen/ earwax

106
Q

Waterproofs the canals and prevents bacteria and fungi to form

A

Cerumen/ earwax

107
Q

Tightly packed, hard, dead, keratinized epidermal cells

A

Nails

108
Q

Parts of the nails

A
  1. Nail body/ plate
  2. Free edge
  3. Nail root
  4. Lunula
  5. Hyponychium
  6. Nail bed
  7. Eponychium/ cuticle
  8. Nail matrix
109
Q

Visible portion of the nail

A

Nail body/plate

110
Q

Nail body that may extend past the distal end of the digits

A

Free edge

111
Q

Nail that is buried in the fold of the skin

A

Nail root

112
Q

Whitish, crescent area of the proximal end of the nail body

A

Lunula

113
Q

Secures the nail to the fingertip

A

Hyponychium

114
Q

Attaches nail to the skin

A

Hyponychium

115
Q

Skin below the nail plate that extends from the lunula and hyponychium (lacks granulosum)

A

Nail bed

116
Q

Occupies the proximal border of the nail and lacks corneum

A

Eponychium/ cuticle

117
Q

Portion of the epithelium proximal to the nail root

A

Nail matrix

118
Q

How long does the nail grow per week?

A

1mm per week

119
Q

Functions of the nails

A
  1. Protection
  2. Touch sensation
  3. Grasp and manipulate small objects
120
Q

Two kinds of wound-healing processes

A
  1. Epidermal wound healing
  2. Deep wound healing
121
Q

Edges of the wound usually involve only slight damage to superficial epidermal cells

A

Epidermal wound healing

122
Q

Common types of epidermal
wounds

A

Abrasion
Minor burns

123
Q

A portion of skin has been scraped away

A

Abrasion

124
Q

Process of epidermal wound healing

A
  1. Basal cells detach from basement membrane
  2. Cells enlarge
  3. Cells migrate as a sheet until advancing cells from opposite sides of the wound meet.
  4. Cells meet and stop migrating (Contact inhibition)
125
Q

When do epidermal cells stop migrating?

A

Migration of the epidermal cells stops completely when each is finally in contact with other epidermal cells on all sides.

126
Q

Stimulates basal cells to divide and replace the ones that have been moved into the wound

A

Epidermal growth factor

127
Q

Injury extends to the dermis to the subcutaneous layer

A

Deep wound healing

128
Q

Phases of deep wound healing

A
  1. Inflammatory
  2. Migratory
  3. Proliferative
  4. Maturation
129
Q

Phase of deep wound healing

Blood clots forms in the wound and loosely unites the wound edges.

A

Inflammatory

130
Q

Phase of deep wound healing

Neutrophils and monocytes develops into macrophages that
phagocytize microbes and mesenchymal cells and then develops to FIBROBLASTS.

A

Inflammatory

131
Q

Phase of deep wound healing

Clot becomes scab

A

Migratory

132
Q

Phase of deep wound healing

Epithelial cells migrate beneath the scab to build a bridge wound

A

Migratory

133
Q

Phase of deep wound healing

Fibroblasts migrate, damaged BV regrows

A

Migratory

134
Q

Phase of deep wound healing

Formation of GRANULATION TISSUE

A

Migratory

135
Q

Phase of deep wound healing

Extensive growth of epithelial cells beneath the scab

A

Proliferative

136
Q

Phase of deep wound healing

Continued growth of BV

A

Proliferative

137
Q

Phase of deep wound healing

Scabs sloughs off once the epidermis has been restored to its normal thickness.

A

Maturation

138
Q

Phase of deep wound healing

Collagen fibers become more organized, fibroblasts decrease in number, and blood vessels are restored to normal.

A

Maturation

139
Q

Scar tissue formation

A

Fibrosis

140
Q

Too much scar tissue is formed
during deep wound healing that a RAISED SCAR forms

A

Hyperthropic scar

141
Q

Extends beyond the boundaries into normal surrounding tissues.

A

Keloid/ Cheloid scar

112 (15 decks)

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