Midterms | Integumentary System Flashcards by Eun Woo

Compositions of the integumentary system

Skin
Hair
Oil and sweat glands
Nails
Sensory receptors

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Medical specialty that deals with the structure, function and disorders of the integumentary system

Dermatology

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Dermatology is a medical specialty that deals with the (1), (2) and (3) of the integumentary system

structure
function
disorders

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Functions of the integumentary system

Regulates body temperature
Stores blood
Protects body from external environment
Detects cutaneous sensations
Excretes and absorbs substances
Synthesizes VITAMIN D

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Other term for the skin

Cutaneous membrane

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Largest organ of body in weight

Skin

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Measurement, weight, and percentage of the skin in adults

Skin covers 2 square meters and weighs 4.5-5 kg (7% of the total body weight)

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Thickness of the skin in diff body parts

0.5 mm (eyelids)
4 mm (heels)
1-2 mm (most of the body)

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Superficial parts of the skin

Epidermis
Dermis

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Storage depot for fat and contains blood vessels that supply the skin

Subcutaneous

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What tissues does the hypodermis contain?

consists of areolar and adipose tissue

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What type of epithelial tissue is the epidermis made up of?

Made up of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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4 principal types of cells of the epidermis

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Intraedpidermal Macrophanges/ Langerhans Cells
Tactile Epithelial Cells/ Merkel Disc

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Functions of each cells of the epidermis

Keratinocytes: produces keratin
Melanocytes: produces melanin
Intraedpidermal Macrophanges/ Langerhans Cells: participate in immune response, help other cells of the immune system recognize an invading microbe and destroy it
Tactile Epithelial Cells/ Merkel Disc: detect touch sensations

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Helps protect the skin and underlying tissue from abrasion, heat, microbes, and chemicals

Keratin

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What does keratin protect the skin and underlying tissue from?

Abrasion
Heat
Microbes
Chemicals

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Function of melanin

Contributes to skin color and absorbs damaging UV light

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Color range which the melanin contribute

Yellowish - red
Black - brown

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One responsible for producing vitamin D

Skin

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Advantage of vitamin D

Helps maintain protective barrier against sun damage

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Nerve endings sensitive to pressure

Lamellated corpuscles

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Where do intraepidermal macrophanges arise from?

Red bone marrow

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Where is the tactile epithelial cell located?

Deepest layer of the epidermis (Stratum basale; along with melanocytes)

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Principal layers/ strata of cells

Stratum Basale
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Corneum

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Describe stratum basale

▪ Deepest layer ▪ Single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes ▪ Contains KERATIN INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS

Other term for stratum basale

Stratum germinativum

Protects deeper layer from injury

Keratin

Where is keratin attached to (in diff parts of the skin)

- Desmosomes (Stratum spinosum) - Hemidesmosomes (Epidermis and Dermis)

Describe stratum spinosum

▪ Superficial to stratum basale ▪ With coarse bundles of keratin in intermediate filaments ▪ Cells shrink and pull apart appearing like thornlike spines

Function of thornlike spines of stratum spinosum

Provides strength and flexibility of skin

Describe stratum granulosum

▪ Middle of epidermis ▪ With 3-5 layers of keratinocytes undergoing APOPTOSIS

Assembles keratin intermediate filaments to keratin

Keratohyalin

Fuses plasma membrane and release lipid-rich secretion

Lamellar granules

Water-repellent sealant

Lipid-rich secretion

Function of lipid-rich secretion released by lamellar granules

Manage entry and exit of water and foreign substances

Describe stratum lucidum

▪ Present only in the thick skin (fingertips, palms and soles ▪ 4-5 layers of flattened, clear and dead keratinocytes (with thick plasma membranes)

Provides an additional level of toughness in this region of the skin

Stratum lucidum (Needs tp be thick for it is prone to friction)

Describe stratum corneum

▪ Cells are extremely thick, flat, plasma membrane-enclosed packages of keratin ▪ Final product of the process of keratinocytes ▪ Cells overlap one another like the scales on the skin of a snake

Constant exposure of skin to friction (increased cell and keratin production)

Callus

Abnormal thickening of stratum corneum

Callus

Describe the dermis

● Composition: Dense irregular connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers ● Has the ability to stretch and recoil easily ● Blood vessels, nerves, glands and hair follicle

Regions of the dermis

1. Papillary region (superficial region) 2. Reticular region (deeper region)

Small, nipple-shaped structures that project into the undersurface of the epidermis (with capillary loops/blood vessels)

Dermal Papillae

Nerve endings sensitive to touch (warmth, coolness, pain, tickling and itching)

Corpuscles Of Touch/ Meissner Corpuscles

Contains bundles of thick collagen fibers, scattered fibroblasts and various wandering cells

Reticular region

What does the reticular region contain?

Bundles of thick collagen fibers, scattered fibroblasts, and various wandering cells

Arranged in a netlike manner (helps the skin resist stretching)

Collagen fibers

Arrangement of collagen fibers, and why?

Netlike manner. Helps the skin resist stretching

Provides strength, extensibility, ability to stretch, and elasticity

Collagen fibers and elastic fibers

Ability of substances to stretch and go back to its original shape

Elasticity

Dead, keratinized epidermal cells

Hair

Other term for hair

Pili

Anatomy of the hair

A. Shaft B. Root

Describe the shaft of the hair

- Superficial portion - Projects above the skin

Describe the root of the hair

- Hair deep to the shaft - Penetrates dermis, sometimes the subcutaneous layer

3 concentric layers of the hair root

1. Inner medulla 2. Middle cortex 3. Cuticle of the hair

Lacking in thinner hair

Inner medulla

Small amounts of pigment granules in gray hair

Inner medulla

Lack of pigment granules and presence of air bubbles in white hair

Inner medulla

What are absent and present in white hair?

Lacks pigment granules There is presence of air bubbles

Major shaft of hair root

Middle cortex

Outermost layer of hair root

Cuticle of the Hair

Cuticle cells on the shaft are arranged like ---

Arranged like shingles, with their free edges pointing toward the end of the hair

Surrounding of the root of the hair

Hair follicle

Parts of the hair follicle

- Internal root sheath - External root sheath

Together, the external and internal root sheath are referred to as the ---

epithelial root sheath

Produced at the matrix, and forms a cellular tubular sheath of epithelium between the external root sheath and the hair

Internal root sheath

Downward continuation of the epidermis

External root sheath

Base of the hair follicle

Bulb

Contains connective tissue and many BV that nourishes the growing hair follicle

Papilla of the hair

Arise from the stratum basale (site of cell division)

Hair matrix

Germinal layer of cells

Hair matrix

Function of the hair matrix

Responsible for the growth of existing hairs and produces new hair when old hairs shed

Smooth muscle that extends from the superficial dermis of the skin to the dermal root sheath around the side of the hair follicle.

Arrector Pili

Arrector pili is a (1) that extends from the (2) of the skin to the (3) around the side of the hair follicle.

1. smooth muscle 2. superficial dermis 3. dermal root sheath

Generate nerve impulses if hair shafts are moved

Hair root plexus (Dendrites of neurons)

Normal growth of hair

90 degrees angle

Other term for goosebumps

Gooseflesh

Goosebumps/ Gooseflesh Under (1) or (2) (cold/fright), autonomic nerve endings stimulate the (3) to contract, which pulls the (4) perpendicular to the skin surface

1. psychological 2. emotional stress 3. arrector pili muscles 4. hair shafts

Skin glands

1. Sebaceous (Oil) Glands 2. Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands 3. Ceruinous Glands

Description (appearance) of sebaceous glands

Simple, branched, acinar (rounded) glands

Where are sebaceous glands present?

Lips Glans penis Labia minora Tarsal glands of the eyelids

What do sebacous glands secrete?

Sebum

Coats surface of hair and helps them from drying and becoming brittle.

Sebum

Prevents excessive evaporation of water from the skin, making it soft and pliable

Sebum

What do sudoriferous glands release?

Sweat/ perspiration

Classifications of sudoriferous glands

1. Eccrine sweat glands 2. Apocrine sweat glands

Differentiate eccrine and apocrine sweat glands in terms of WHEN it occurs in a person

Eccrine sweat glands are present at birth while apocrine sweat glands occurs once patient reaches puberty

Differentiate eccrine and apocrine sweat glands in terms of WHERE (part of body) it occurs

Eccrine: Forehead, palms and soles Apocrine: Axilla, groin, areola of breasts, bearded regions around the face of adult males.

Helps regulate body temperature through evaporation (large quantities of heat leave the body).

Eccrine sweat glands

Differentiate eccrine and apocrine sweat glands in terms of their secretory (where sweat is produced) and excretory (where sweat will come out) portions

ECCRINE Secretory: Dermis Excretory: Epidermis APOCRINE Secretory: Deep dermis and upper subq layer Excretory: Hair follicles

Homeostatic regulation of body temperature

Thermoregulation

Helps the body achieve thermoregulation

Thermoregulatory sweating

Under eccrine glnds, we have insensible and sensible perspiration. Differentiate the two

Insensible perspiration: Sweat that evaporates from the skin before it is perceived as moisture Sensible perspiration: Sweat that is excreted in larger amounts and seen as moisture on the skin

Released sweat in response to emotional stress such as fear or embarrassment (palms, soles and axilla)

Emotional sweating/ Cold sweat

Where emotional sweating first occurs

Palms Soles Axilla

Simple, coiled, tubular glands

Apocrine sweat glands

Apocrine sweat glands appears (1) and (2) in color

1. milky 2. yellowish

Apocrine sweat interacts with (1), this metabolizes the components causing the (2) , thus called (3)

1. bacteria 2. MUSKY ODOR 3. BODY ODOR

Modified sweat glands in the external ear

Ceruminous glands

Produces waxy lubricating secretion

Ceruminous glands

Secretory and excretory portion of ceruminous glands

Secretory: Subcutaneous layer Excretory: Surface of EAM/ ducts of sebaceous glands

Other term for earwax

Cerumen

CERUMEN/EARWAX: yellowish combination of (1) and (2)

1. ceruminous 2. sebaceous sweat glands

Provides a sticky barrier to impede the entrance of foreign bodies and insects

Cerumen/ earwax

Waterproofs the canals and prevents bacteria and fungi to form

Cerumen/ earwax

Tightly packed, hard, dead, keratinized epidermal cells

Nails

Parts of the nails

1. Nail body/ plate 2. Free edge 3. Nail root 4. Lunula 5. Hyponychium 6. Nail bed 7. Eponychium/ cuticle 8. Nail matrix

Visible portion of the nail

Nail body/plate

Nail body that may extend past the distal end of the digits

Free edge

Nail that is buried in the fold of the skin

Nail root

Whitish, crescent area of the proximal end of the nail body

Lunula

Secures the nail to the fingertip

Hyponychium

Attaches nail to the skin

Hyponychium

Skin below the nail plate that extends from the lunula and hyponychium (lacks granulosum)

Nail bed

Occupies the proximal border of the nail and lacks corneum

Eponychium/ cuticle

Portion of the epithelium proximal to the nail root

Nail matrix

How long does the nail grow per week?

1mm per week

Functions of the nails

1. Protection 2. Touch sensation 3. Grasp and manipulate small objects

Two kinds of wound-healing processes

1. Epidermal wound healing 2. Deep wound healing

Edges of the wound usually involve only slight damage to superficial epidermal cells

Epidermal wound healing

Common types of epidermal wounds

Abrasion Minor burns

A portion of skin has been scraped away

Abrasion

Process of epidermal wound healing

1. Basal cells detach from basement membrane 2. Cells enlarge 3. Cells migrate as a sheet until advancing cells from opposite sides of the wound meet. 4. Cells meet and stop migrating (Contact inhibition)

When do epidermal cells stop migrating?

Migration of the epidermal cells stops completely when each is finally in contact with other epidermal cells on all sides.

Stimulates basal cells to divide and replace the ones that have been moved into the wound

Epidermal growth factor

Injury extends to the dermis to the subcutaneous layer

Deep wound healing

Phases of deep wound healing

1. Inflammatory 2. Migratory 3. Proliferative 4. Maturation

Phase of deep wound healing Blood clots forms in the wound and loosely unites the wound edges.

Inflammatory

Phase of deep wound healing Neutrophils and monocytes develops into macrophages that phagocytize microbes and mesenchymal cells and then develops to FIBROBLASTS.

Inflammatory

Phase of deep wound healing Clot becomes scab

Migratory

Phase of deep wound healing Epithelial cells migrate beneath the scab to build a bridge wound

Migratory

Phase of deep wound healing Fibroblasts migrate, damaged BV regrows

Migratory

Phase of deep wound healing Formation of GRANULATION TISSUE

Migratory

Phase of deep wound healing Extensive growth of epithelial cells beneath the scab

Proliferative

Phase of deep wound healing Continued growth of BV

Proliferative

Phase of deep wound healing Scabs sloughs off once the epidermis has been restored to its normal thickness.

Maturation

Phase of deep wound healing Collagen fibers become more organized, fibroblasts decrease in number, and blood vessels are restored to normal.

Maturation

Scar tissue formation

Fibrosis

Too much scar tissue is formed during deep wound healing that a RAISED SCAR forms

Hyperthropic scar

Extends beyond the boundaries into normal surrounding tissues.

Keloid/ Cheloid scar

Midterms | Integumentary System Flashcards

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