Cell/Plasma Membrane Flashcards

1
Q

Basic structural framework

A

Lipid bilayer

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2
Q

The lipid bilayer is made up of 3 layers from lipid molecules namely

A

Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Glycolipids

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3
Q

What percentage does each layers 3 layers of the lipid bilayers cover? and what are those made of?

A

Phospholipids: 75%; phosphorus
Cholesterol: 20%; steroid with hydroxyl group (OH)
Glycolipids: 5%; carbohdyrate group

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4
Q

What does amphipathic mean?

A

Amphipathic is having both sides of polar and nonpolar

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5
Q

Differentiate polar and nonpolar

A

Polar is the phosphate-containing head which is hdrophilic, while nonpolar is the 2 long fatty acid tails which are hydrophobic

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6
Q

Insterted among lipids in both layers of the membrane

A

Cholesterol molecule

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7
Q

Is the cholesterol molecule strongly or weakly amphipathic?

A

Weakly amphipathic because cholesteril molecule is made up of fat which is hydrophobic

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8
Q

This forms a polar head

A

glycolipid

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9
Q

Nonpolar tails in glycolipids

A

fattty acids

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10
Q

On which side do glycolipids appear?

A

On the side that faces the extracellular fluid

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11
Q

2 classifications of membrane proteins

A

Integral proteins
Peripheral proteins

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12
Q

Other term for integral proteins

A

Transmembrane protein

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13
Q

Embedded into the lipid bilayer

A

Intergral proteins

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14
Q

Span the entire lipid bilayer

A

Transmembrane protein

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15
Q

Proteins with carbohydrate that protrude to the extracellular fluid

A

Glycoproteins

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16
Q

Describe the composition of carbohydrate

A

Carbohydrates are oligosaccharides and chains of 2-60 monosaccharide

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17
Q

Extensive sugary coat that are hydrophilic and attracts fluid

A

Glycocalyx

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18
Q

Proteins that are not fully embedded in the membrane

A

Peripheral proteins

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19
Q

Where are peripheral proteins attched?

A

To the polar heads of membrane lipids/ integral proteins

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20
Q

Differentiate integral and peripheral proteins

A

Integral proteins are embedded into the lipid bilayer while peripheral proteins are not fully embedded in the membrane

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21
Q

Pores/ holes that function as passage of ions

A

Ion channel

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22
Q

Integral proteins that move polar substances from one side to another

A

Carriers/ Trasnportes

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23
Q

Integral proteins that serve as cellular recognition sites

A

Receptors

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24
Q

Receptors recognize and binds what specific types of molecules?

24
Integral proteins that catalyze specific chemical reaction
Enzymes
24
These two often serve as cell-identity markers
Membrane glycoproteins and Glycolipids
24
Integral proteins which anchor proteins in the plasma membrane of neighboring cells to another
Linkers
25
These cell-identity markers enable cells to: a. Recognize other cells (same kind) during (1) b. Recognize and respond to (2) foreign cells
1. tissue formation 2. potentially dangerous
26
5 General Functions of Peripheral Proteins a. (1) b. Anchor (2) c. Participate in mechanical activities (3) d. Change (4) in dividing e. Attach cell to one another
1. Support 2. integral proteins 3. movement of materials 4. cell shape
27
Allows the lipid bilayer to self-seal when punctured
Membrane fluidity
28
Membrane fluidity enables movement of membrane components responsible for ---
cellular process
29
Permits passage of substances
Membrane permeability
30
Membrane permeability criteria
1. permeable to non-polar 2. impermeable to large uncharged particle (solid substances) 3. slightly permeable to water, urea, waste products (amino acid)
31
This is how easily proteins and lipids carry out their environment in the cell membrane
Membrane fluidity
32
Differentiate membrane fluidity and membrane permeability in terms of the entry of substances
Membrane fluidity: What goes in to the cell, comes out of the cell Membrane permeablity: Only allows specific materials to enter and leave the cell
33
Processes that transort materials in and out of cells
Passice Process Active Process
34
Movement of substance that do not require cellular energy (ATP)
Passive Process
35
Processes under passive process
Diffusion (Simple and Facilitated) Osmosis
36
Movement of molecules/ions due to the molecule’s kinetic energy
Diffusion
37
Where are the 2 classifications of membrne proteins (Integral & Peripheral) located?
Plasma
38
Passive movement of a substance without the help of membrane transport protein
Simple diffusion
39
Passive movement of a substance through the channels or carriers
Facilitated diffusion
40
Differentiate simple and facilitated diffusion
Simplke diffusion is the passive movement of a substance without the help of membrane transport protein, while facilitated diffusion is the passive movement of a substance through the channels or carriers
41
Passive movement of water molecules from lower concentration to higher concentration
Osmosis
42
Types of active processes
Active transport Transport in vesicles (Endocytosis, Exocytosis, Transcytosis)
43
Cell expands energy; carriers
Active transport
44
Differentiate primary from secondary active transport
Primary active transport is when energy comes from hydrolysis of ATP while secondary active transport is when energy is supplied by Sodium or Hydrogen concentration gradient
45
Breakdown of water to produce ATP / energy
hydrolysis
46
3 processes in the transport of vesicles
Endocytosis Exocytosis Transcytosis
47
Movement of substance into a cell in vesicle
Endocytosis
48
Types of endocytosis
Bulk-phase endocytosis Phagocytosis Receptor-mediated endocytosis
49
Ligand-receptors triggers infolding of a clathrin-coated pit that forms a vesicle containing ligands
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
50
“Cell eating”; engulfing of pseudopods
Phagocytosis
51
Example of a pseudopod
White blood cells
52
“Cell drinking”; movement of extracellular fluid
Bulk-phase endocytosis
53
Movement of substance out of the cell in secretory vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane
Exocytosis
54
Movement of substance as a result of endocytosis on one side and exocytosis on the opposite side
Transcytosis
55