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Finals | Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the muscular system

A
  1. Producing body movements/ motions
  2. Stabilizing body positions (ex. standing/ sitting)
  3. Storing and moving of substances within the body
  4. Generating heat (Thermogenesis)
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2
Q

Used to maintain temperature within the body

A

Thermogenesis

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3
Q

Signs and symptons of fever which is a mechanism of body to increase heat

A

Shivering

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4
Q

Properties of a muscular tissue

A
  1. Electrical excitability
  2. Contractility
  3. Extensibility
  4. Elasticity
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5
Q

Ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals such as action potential/ impulses

A

Electrical excitability

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6
Q

Electrical signals

A

Action potentials/ impulses

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7
Q

Action potentials in muscles

A

muscle action potentials

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8
Q

Action potentials in nerve cells

A

nerve action potentials

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9
Q

Two main types of stimuli trigger action potentials for muscle cells

A
  1. Electrical signals
  2. Chemical Stimuli
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10
Q

Arises from muscular tissue itself

A

Electrical signals

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11
Q

Example of an electrical signal

A

Pacemaker

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12
Q

Send low-energy electrical impulses to control the rate and rhythm of the heartbeat

A

Pacemaker

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13
Q

What area of the heartbeat does the pacemaker control?

A

rate and rhythm

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14
Q

Neurotransmitters released by neurons, hormones distributed by the blood, or even changes in pH

A

Chemical stimuli

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15
Q

What falls under chemical stimuli?

A
  • Neurotransmitters released by neurons
  • Hormones distributed by the blood
  • Changes in pH
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16
Q

When skeletal muscle contracts it generates tension while pulling on its attachment points

A

Contractility

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17
Q

Motion of flexion

A

Contractility

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18
Q

When this contracts, it generates tension while pulling on its attachment points

A

Skeletal muscle

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19
Q

Muscle develops tension but does not shorten

A

Muscle contractions

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20
Q

Another word for tension

A

Force of contraction

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21
Q

Ability to stretch within limits, without being damaged

A

Extensibility

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22
Q

The (1) within the muscle, limits the range of extensibility and keeps it within the contractile range of the (2)

A
  1. connective tissue
  2. muscle cells
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23
Q

Ability of the muscular tissue to return to its original length and shape after contraction or extension

A

Elsticity

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24
Q

Lines the body wall and limbs and supports and surrounds muscles and other organs of the body

A

Fascia

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25
Q

Functions of the fascia

A
  1. Lines body walls and limbs
  2. Support and surround muscles and other organs
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26
Q

3 layers of connective tissue

A
  1. Epimysium
  2. Perimysium
  3. Endomysium
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27
Q

Used to surround and protect muscular tissues

A

Connective tissue

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28
Q

Insulating layer that will reduce heat loss

A

Triglyceride

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29
Q

Protects the muscle from physical trauma

A

Triglyceride

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30
Q

Outer later of connective tissue tthat encircle the entire muscle

A

Epimysium

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31
Q

Surrounds groups of 10-100 or more muscle fiber separating them into bundles called fascicles

A

Perimysium

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32
Q

The perimysium surrounds groups of (1) or more muscle fibers separating them into (2) called (3)

A
  1. 10-100
  2. bundles
  3. fascicles
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33
Q

Penetrates the interior of each fascicle and separates individual fiber from one another

A

Endomysium

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34
Q

Orientation of the coverings/linings of the connective tissue from outer to inner

A

Triglyceride
Fascia
Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium

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35
Q

Define tendons

A

Muscle-to-bone attachment

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36
Q

Example of tendons

A

Achilles tendon (calcaneal): gastrocnemius muscle (calf)- calcaneus (heel bone)

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37
Q

Connective tissue extend as broad, flat sheet

A

Aponeurosis

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38
Q

Example of aponeurosis

A

Epicranial aponeurosis

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39
Q

Where is epicranial aponeurosis found?

A

Between the frontal and occipital bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle

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40
Q

Muscle that moves the eyebrow

A

Frontal belly

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41
Q

Diameter and length of a skeletal muscle fiber

A

Diameter: 10 to 100 μm
Length: 10 cm (4 in), some are 30 cm (12 in)

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42
Q

Fusion of a hundred or more small mesodermal cells

A

Myoblasts

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43
Q

When does a myoblast arises?

A

During embryonic development

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44
Q

Myoblast:
- Fusion of hundred or more small (1)
- Once fusion is done, muscle fiber loses its ability to undergo (2)
- Thus, number of (3) is set is set before you are born

A
  1. mesodermal cells
  2. cell division
  3. skeletal muscle fibers
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45
Q

Outer covering of muscle fiber

A

Plasma membrane

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46
Q

Plasma membrane of muscle cell

A

SARCOLEMMA

47
Q

Thousand of tiny invaginations, tunnels in from the surface towards the center of each muscle fibers.

A

TRANSVERSE TUBULES

48
Q

Cytoplasm of the muscle fiber, contains
glycogen

A

SARCOPLASM

49
Q

What does the sarcoplasm contain?

50
Q

used for synthesis of ATP

51
Q

Releases oxygen when it is needed by the mitochondria for ATP production

52
Q

Contractile organelles of skeletal muscle

A

MYOFIBRILS

53
Q

Myofibrils diameter

A

(2 μm in diameter)

54
Q

Fluid-filled system of membranous sacs

A

SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM

55
Q

Dilated ends sacs of sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Terminal cisterns

56
Q

A transverse tubule and 2 terminal cisterns

57
Q

What does a triad involve?

A

Terminal cistern
Transverse tubule
Terminal cistern

58
Q

Smaller proteins within the myofibrils

59
Q

Basic functional units of a myofibrils

A

Sarcomeres

60
Q

Narrow, plate-shaped regions of dense protein that separates the sarcomeres from the next

61
Q

Shape of Z-discs, and what does it separate

A

Narrow, plate-shaped
Separates sarcomeres

62
Q

Separates 2 thick filaments

63
Q

A sarcomere extends from one (1) to the (2)

A
  1. Z disc
  2. next Z disc
64
Q

The darker middle part of the sarcomere

65
Q

One end and another end of the thick filament; end-to-end of a thick filament

66
Q

Myofibril’s entire circumference

67
Q

Connection of an A band and I band

68
Q

Appearance, location, and control of skeletal muscles

A

Appearance: Striated (cylindrical)
Location: Skeletal (connected to bones)
Control: Voluntary

69
Q

Appearance, location, and control of smooth muscles

A

Appearance: Smooth (non-striated, fusiform)
Location: Visceral (Visceral organs)
Control: Involuntary

70
Q

Appearance, location, and control of cardiac muscles

A

Appearance: Cylindrical, striated, branched
Location: Myocardium (cardiac muscle)
Control: Involuntary

71
Q

Ways of the muscle fibers to produce ATP

A
  1. Creatinine Phosphate
  2. Anaerobic glycolysis
  3. Aerobic glycolysis
72
Q

Unlike most cells in the body, the —switch from a low level of activity to a high level of activity (or vice versa)

A

skeletal muscle fibers

73
Q

Low level of activity vs high level of activity

A

Low level of activity: Muscles are relaxed and uses modest amount of ATP

High level of activity: Muscles are contracting and uses ATP at a rapid pace

74
Q

An energy-rich molecule found in muscle fibers

A

Creatinine Phosphate

75
Q

Small, amino acid-like molecule (liver, kidneys and pancreas)

A

Creatinine

76
Q

Areas where creatinine is synthesized

A

Liver
Kidney
Pancreas

77
Q

Where most abundant creatinine is found

78
Q

Pace of the formation of ATP from CP

A

Rapid: 15 seconds

79
Q

First source of energy when muscle contraction begins

A

Creatinine Phosphate

80
Q

Series of reaction that quickly breaks down each glucose molecule into two molecules of pyruvic acid

A

Glycolysis

81
Q

Breakdown of glucose gives rise to (1) when oxygen is (2) or at (3)

A
  1. lactic acid
  2. absent
    3.low concentration
82
Q

What gives rise to lactic acid?

A

Breakdown or glucose

83
Q

How long does anaerobic glycolysis provide enough energy?

84
Q

Plays a central role in sugar metabolism

A

Pyruvic acid

85
Q

Needs oxygen to convert itself into lactic acid (which is more compatible with anaerobic glycolysis)

A

Pyruvic acid

86
Q

Series of oxygen-requiring reaction that produces ATP, CO2, water and heat

A

Aerobic glycolysis

87
Q

What does aerobic glycolysis produces?

A

ATP
CO2
Water
Heat

88
Q

Compare aerobic glycolysis to anaerobic glycolysis

A

Aerobic glycolysis is slower than anaerobic glycolysis but it yields more ATP.

89
Q

Aerobic respiration provides nearly all of the needed ATP in activities that last for how long?

A

From several minutes to an hour or more

90
Q

Types of skeletal muscle fibers

A
  1. Slow Oxidative (SO) Fibers
  2. Fast Oxidative-Glycolyctic (FOG) Fibers
  3. Fast Glycolytic (FG) Fibers
91
Q

Largest fibers

A

Fast Oxidative-Glycolyctic (FOG) Fibers

92
Q

What do SO Fibers contain ( and color)?

A

Myoglobin and many blood capillaries (red)

93
Q

What do FOG fibers contain (and color)?

A

Large amounts of myoglobin and blood capillaries (red-pink)

94
Q

What do FG Fibers contain?

A

Low myoglobin content
few blood capillaries
few mitochondria (white)

95
Q

Contains large amount of glycogen

A

Fast Glycolytic (FG) Fibers

96
Q

How do the different skeletal muscle fibers generate ATP?

A
  1. SO FIbres: Aerobic respiration
  2. FOG Fibers: Anaerobic glycolysis
  3. FG Fibers: Glycolysis
97
Q

Very resistant to fatigue and are capable of prolonged, sustained contractions for many hours

A

Slow Oxidative (SO) Fibers

98
Q

SO Fibers twitch contractions

A

100-200 msec

99
Q

Example of activity adapted for slow oxidative fibers

A

Running a marathon

100
Q

Has high resistance to fatigue

A

Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic (FOG) Fibers

101
Q

FOG twitch contractions

A

less than 10 msec

102
Q

Example of activity adapted for fast oxidative-glycolytic fibers

A

Walking and sprinting

103
Q

Can contract strongly and quickly, but fatigue quickly

A

Fast glycolytic (FG) fibers

104
Q

Example of activity adapted for fast glycolytic fibers

A

Weight lifting or throwing a ball/
strength training programs

105
Q

Compare the myoglobin content (structural characteristic) of the 3 skeletal muscle fibers

A

SO: Large amount
FOG: Large amount
FG: Small amount

106
Q

Compare the mitochondria (structural characteristic) of the 3 skeletal muscle fibers

A

SO: Many
FOG: Many
FG: Few

107
Q

Compare the capillaries (structural characteristic) of the 3 skeletal muscle fibers

A

SO: Many
FOG: Many
FG: Few

108
Q

Compare the color (structural characteristic) of the 3 skeletal muscle fibers

A

SO: Red
FOG: Red-pink
FG: White (pale)

109
Q

Compare the capacity of the 3 skeletal muscle fibers for generating ATP and the method used (functional characteristic)

A

SO: High, by aerobic respiration
FOG: Intermediate, by both aerobic
respiration and anaerobic glycolysis
FG: Low, by anaerobic glycolysis

110
Q

Compare the contraction velocity (functional characteristic) of the 3 skeletal muscle fibers

A

SO: Slow
FOG: Fast
FG: Fast

111
Q

Compare the fatigue resistance (functional characteristic) of the 3 skeletal muscle fibers

A

SO: High
FOG: Intermediate
FG: Low

112
Q

Compare the order of recruitment (functional characteristic) of the 3 skeletal muscle fibers

A

SO: First
FOG: Second
FG: Third

113
Q

Compare locations where the 3 skeletal muscle fibers are abundant (functional characteristic)

A

SO: Postural muscles such as those
of neck
FOG: Lower limb muscles
FG: Upper limb muscles

114
Q

Compare the primary functions (functional characteristic) of the 3 skeletal muscle fibers

A

SO: Maintaining posture and aerobic endurance activities
FOG: Walking, sprinting
FG: Rapid, intense movements of short duration

112 (15 decks)

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