Finals | Skeletal System Flashcards
2 Regions of a Bone
Spongy bone tissue
Compact bone tissue
Compact bone tissue
- strongest form
- provides protection & support, resist stress
- contains none to few spaces
Spongy bone tissue
- trabecular/ cancellous
- light
- many spaces in between
Repeating structural units of the bone
Osteon
Components of a Compact Bone
Osteon
Other term for osteon
Haversian system
Each osteon consists of (1)
which are circular plates of (2)
- concentric lamellae
- mineralized extracellular matrix
ciircular plates of mineralized extracellular matrix
Concentric Lamellae
Arrangement of the concentric lamellae
Central manner; Central canal or Haversian Canal
Components of the concentric lamellae
- Lacunae
- Canaliculi
Small spaces between the concentric lamelae
Lacunae
Other term for canaliculi
Channels
Connects lacunae with one another
Canaliculi
Types of bones
Flat bone
Long bone
Sesamoid bone
Short bone
Irregular bone
Example of long bones
femur
tibia & fibula
humerus
radius & ulna
phalanges
Example of short bones
talus
carpal
most tarsal bones
Examples of flat bones
clavicle
cranium
sternum & ribs
scapulae
Other term for scapulae
Shoulder blades
Other term for clavicle
Collar bone
Examples of irregular bones
vertebrae
hip bones
certain facial bones
calcaneus
Example of sesamoid bones
patellae & sesamoid bones
Have greater length & width
Long bones
Cube-shaped
Short bones
Nearly equal Length & Width
Short bones
Thin & composed of 2 nearly parallel plates of compact bone tissue
Flat bones
Flat bones are (1) & composed of 2 nearly parallel plates of (2)
- thin
- compact bone tissue
Purpose of flat bones
For protection and provide extensive areas for muscle attachment
Complex shapes & cannot be grouped
Irregular bones
Shaped like sesame seed
Sesamoid bones
Purpose of sesamoid bones
Protects tendons from wear & tear
Small bones located in sutures between certain cranial bones
Sutural bones
Divisions of bones
- Appendicular skeleton
- Axial skeleton
Number of bones in the axial division
80 bones
Cranium bones
Frontal bone
Parietal bone
Occipital bone
Temporal bone
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone
PEST OF 8
Bat-shaped cranial bone with a central body and two lateral wings on either side
Sphenoid bone
Facial bones
Paired:
-2 Maxillae
-2 Lacrimal
-2 Palatine
-2 Nasal
-2 Inferior nasal conchae
-2 zygomatic
Unpaired:
-Mandible
-Vomer
PaLaMaxZIN VoMan
6 bones of the ear
- Malleus (hammer)
- Incus (anvil)
- Stapes (stirrup)
Other term for the ear
Auditory ossicles
Have the presence of fontanels
Fetal skull
Other term for fontanels
Soft spots
FONTANELS
- (1) between cranial bones; replaced by the (2) and becomes sutures
- membrane-filled spaces
- intramembranous ossification
Purpose of fontanels
Provide flexibility to fetal bones
Allows skull to change as it passes through the birth canal
Fontanels of the fetal skull
- Anterolateral/ Sphenoid fontanel
- Posterolateral/ Mastoid fontanel
- Antero/coronal fontanel
- Posteripr fontanel
Bones of the anterolateral fontanel
Future sphenoid
temporal, parietal and frontal bones
When does anterolateral fontanels close?
3 months after birth
Parts of the posterolateral fontanel
Junction of temporal, parietal, and occipital bones
When does the posterolateral fontanel closes?
Begins to close 1-2 months after birth (not complete until12 months)
Where the R & L parietal bones are to meet the frontal bones
Antero/coronal fontanel
What shape is the antero/coronal fontanel?
Diamond-shaped
Largest fontanel
Antero/coronal fontanel
When does the antero/coronal fontanel close?
18-24 months after birth
Vertex of the head
Bregma
Closing point of coronal
Bregma
Parietal bones are to meet the occipital bones
Posterior fontanel
Shape of the posterior fontanel
Triangular
When does the posterior fontanel close?
2 months afte rbirth
Purpose of sutures
unite
What does the coronal suture unite?
Frontal and parietal bones
What does the sagittal suture unite?
2 parietal bones on superior midline
What does the lambdoid suture unite?
2 parietal and occipatal bones
What does the squamous suture unite?
Parietal and temporal bones on the lateral
Other term for sinus
Mucous Membrane Spaces or Paranasal sinuses
Sinuses
Frontal
Ethmoid
Maxillary
Sphenoid
FES M
Biggest sinus
Maxillary
Sinuses are seen in the tadiograph as — structures
radiolucent
Radiolucent vs radiopaque
Radiolucent: Black/ very dark
Radiopaque: White
Shape of the Hyoid bone
U-shaped
Location of the hyoid bone
Anterior neck
Parts of the hyoid bone
body
lesser horns
greater horns
Number of bones in the vertebral column
26 bones
Vertebral column takes up how much of the total body weight?
2/5 of the total body weight
Length of the vertebral column
71 cm (28 inches) in male;
61 cm (24 inches) in female
Number of vertebral column bones during early development
33 vertebrae
Parts of the vertebral column
▪ CERVICAL: 7
▪ THORACIC: 12
▪ LUMBAR: 5
▪ SACRUM: 1 (Fused 5 sacral vertebrae)
▪ COCCYX: 1 (Fused 4 coccygeal vertebrae)
Fibrous ring in between vertebral bodies
Intervertebral disc
Parts of the intervertebral disc
Annulus fibrosus
Nucleus pulposus
Describe annulus fibrosus
Outer; made up of fibrocartilage
Describe the nucleus pulposus
Inner soft, pulpy, highly elastic
Parts of a typical vertebrae
- Vertebral body
- Vertebral arch
- Vertebral foramen
- Intervertebral foramen
- Processes
Thick, disc shaped anterior portion
Vertebral body
Weight bearing vertebra
Vertebral body
Vertebra that extends posteriorly from the body
Vertebral arch
Has pedicles which forms the archs
Vertebral arch
2 short thick processes that forms the arch of vertebral arch
Pedicles
Composition of the vertebral foramen
adipose tissue
spinal cord
areolar connective tissue
blood vessel
Compositions of the intervertebral foramen
Single spinal nerve
Processes of a typical vertebra (7)
▪ 2 transverse
▪ 2 superior articular process
▪ 2 inferior articular process
▪ Spinous process
Parts of the cervical vertebrae
- C1 (Atlas)
- C2 (Axis
- C3-C6
- C7 (vertebral prominence)
Yes and No bones
C1: YES BONE
C2: NO BONE
The body of the C2 is known as (1)/ (2)
- dens
- odontoid process
Toothlike body
dens/ odontoid process
Neck injury caused by sudden, vigorous head movement in one direction, then back quickly caused by a motor vehicular accident
Whiplash injury
Whiplash injury is a trauma to the —
dens
Most common cause of whiplash injury
Motor vehicular accidents
Most affected by whiplash injury
C2
Typical cervical vertebrae
C3-C6
Single large spinous process at the base of the head
C7 (vertebral prominens(
Larger and stronger vertebrae
Thoracic
Differentiate T1 & T2 from T11 & T12
- Longer spinous process on T1 and T2 ; directed inferiorly
- T110T12 are shorter, broader spinous processes directed posteriorly
Processes are short, thick, and broad
Lumbar
Made up of 4 fused vertebrae
Coccyx/ Tail bone
Composition of the thorax
- Sternum/ breastbone (1)
- Rib (24; 12 pairs)
Parts of he sternum
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid tip/ process
Location of the sternum
Center of the anterior thoracic wall
Length of the sternum of the anterior thoracic wall
15 cm in length
Compositions of the rib
- True ribs/ Vertebrosternal ribs
- False ribs/ Vertebrochondral ribs
- Floating ribs/ Vertebral ribs
True ribs
Vertebrosternal ribs
- 1-7
- attached to the sternum
False ribs
Vertebrochondral ribs
- 8-10
- not attached directly to the sternum
Floating ribs
Vertebral ribs
- 11-12
Number of bones in the appendicular division
126 bones
Bones of the pectoral girdle
4
- 2 clavicle (collar bone)
- 2 scapula (shoulder blade)
Long bone that lies along the horizontal axis
clavicle
Part of the shoulder girdle that supports the arm
Scapula
Bones of the upper extremities
60
- 2 humerus
- 2 ulna
- 2 radius
- 16 carpals
- 10 metacarpals
- 28 phalanges
Side of the 5th digit
ulna
Carpus/ wrist bone
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
Knuckles
Metacarpals
Other term for phalanges
digits
Other term for the thumb
pollex
Fracture of the 5th metacarpal
Boxer’s fracture
Other term for hip bones
Pelvic bones, Coxal, Os coxa
Hip bones are united by what?
Pubic symphysis
Deep-basin like structure
Bony pelvis
Parts of the bony pelvis
Hip bones
Pubic symphysis
Sacrum
Pelvic girdle is the fusion of what bones?
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Male vs Female Pelvis: General structure
Female: Light and thin
Male: Heavy and thick
Male vs Female Pelvis: False/ Greater Pelvis
Female: Shallow
Male: Deep
Male vs Female Pelvis: Pelvic brim
Female: Larger; more oval
Male: Smaller; heart-shaped
Male vs Female Pelvis: Acetabulum
Female: Small and faces anteriorly
Male: Large and faces laterally
Male vs Female Pelvis: Obturator formaen
Female: Oval
Male: Round
Male vs Female Pelvis: Pubic arch
Female: >90 degrees angle
Male: <90 degrees angle
Male vs Female Pelvis: Iliac crest
Female: less curved
Male:more curved
Male vs Female Pelvis: Ilium
Female: less vertical
Male: more vertical
Male vs Female Pelvis: Greater sciatic notch
F: Wide
M: Narrow
Male vs Female Pelvis: Coccyx
FL more mavable
M: less movable
Male vs Female Pelvis: Sacrum
F: Shorter, wider
M: Larger, narrower
Male vs Female Pelvis: Pelvic outlet
F: Wider
M: Narrower
Male vs Female Pelvis: Ischial tuberosity
F: Shorter; farther apart
M: Longer; closer apart
Other term for the bones of the pelvis (ilium, ischium, pubis)
False/ Greater Pelvis
Circle shape in the pelvis’ center
True/ Lesser pelvis
How many bones are there in the lower extremities?
32
Bones in the lower extremities
- 2 femur
- 2 ibula
- 2 tibia
- 2 patella
- 10 metatarsals
- 14 tarsals
Tarsals
Tallus, Calcaneus, Navicular, Third cuneiform, Second cuneiform, First cuneiform, Cuboid
