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BACTERIOLOGY - LEC > MIDTERMS C2 - Catalase-Positive, Gram-Negative Cocci > Flashcards

MIDTERMS C2 - Catalase-Positive, Gram-Negative Cocci Flashcards

1
Q

All Cocci are Gram-Positive except

A

Veilonella, Neisseria, Moraxella

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2
Q

Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci

A

Streptococcus pyogenes
Streptococcus agalactiae

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3
Q

Viridans streptococci

A

Streptococcus mutans
Streptococcus salivarius
Streptococcus mitis
Streptococcus bovis
Streptococcus urinalis
Streptococcus anginosus
(Streptococcus milleri )

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4
Q

Nutritionally variant streptococci

A

Abiotrophia defective
Granulicatella adiacens
Granulicatella balaenopterae
Granulicatella elegans

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5
Q

Enterococci

A

Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecium
E. durans
E. mundtii
E. dispar
E. gallinarum
E. avium
E. hirae
E. raffinosus
E. casseliflavus

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6
Q

6 Clinically Significant Streptococci and Enterococci

A

Streptococcus pyogenes
Streptococcus agalactiae
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Viridans streptococci
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecium

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7
Q

Other Catalase-Negative, Gram-Positive Cocci

A

Leuconostoc spp.
Lactococcus spp.
Globicatella sp.
Pediococcus spp.
Aerococcus spp.
Gemella spp.
Helcococcus sp.
Alloiococcous otitidis
Dolosicoccus paucivorans
Facklamia
Dolosigranulum pigrum
Ignavigranum ruoffiae
Tetragenococcus

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8
Q

True Pathogen Streptococci

A

Streptococcus pyogenes, not part of normal microbiota

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9
Q

Colonizer Streptococci

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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10
Q

Alloiococcous otitidis Result

A

(+) in Catalase Test BAP (Blood Containing Media)
(-) In Catalase Test CAP (Whole Blood, lysed rbc)

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11
Q

belong to the family Streptococcaceae
spherical to ovoid, catalase(-), gram (+) cocci arranged in pairs or chains when grown in liquid media

A

Streptococci (no copious bubble in addition of hydrogen peroxide kasi catalase negative)

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12
Q

What is the color in gram stain of the Streptococci and Enterococci?

A

purple or blue

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13
Q

non-spore-former and generally
non-motile except for the rare
motile strains of group D streptococci

A

Streptococci

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14
Q

Streptococci are _____________ but some strains require added CO2 (***microaerophilic strains = Viridans streptococci)

A

facultative anaerobes

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15
Q

generally non-encapsulated except for some strains of groups A, B, C andD
commonly found as part of normal human flora
growth enhanced by blood (BAP), serum or glucose

A

Streptococci

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16
Q

Streptococci result in BAP

A

grayish, pinpoint, circular, and translucent to slightly opaque colonies while some have mucoid colonies

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17
Q

Biochemical Test Result of Streptococci

A

(-) catalase, oxidase and gas production

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18
Q

Classification of Streptococci based on temperature requirement

A

Academic or Bergey’s Classification

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19
Q

neither grow on 10 C nor 45 C, grow only at 37 degree Celsius
produce pus; mostly β-hemolytic

A

Pyogenic Group

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20
Q

Species of Pyogenic Group

A

S. pyogenes, group C and G streptococci (large
colony forming isolates)

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21
Q

grow both at 45 oC and 37oC but not at 10oC
not part of the Lancefield group: resist Lancefield Precipitation Test

A

Viridans Group

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22
Q

α-hemolytic or non-hemolytic
normal biota in URT in humans
some may have A, C, G, or N antigen

A

Viridans Group

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23
Q

Species of Viridans Group

A

S. salivarius, S. mutans (dental plaque), S. mitis, S. sanguis, S. anginosus

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24
Q

grow on 10 C and 37C but not at 45C
non-hemolytic with Lancefield N antigen
found in dairy products

A

Lactic Group

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25
Q

Species of Lactic Group

A

S. lactis  normal coagulation and
souring of milk

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26
Q

grow at 10C, 45C , and 37C; can withstand
temperature above 60C
normal of human intestine

A

Enterococcus Group

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27
Q

Species of Enterococcus Group

A

E. faecalis (part of normal fecal flora)

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28
Q

Classification based on hemolytic patterns on BAP

A

Smith & Brown’s Classification

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29
Q

partial/incomplete hemolysis of RBC around colonies

A

Alpha-hemolytic Streptococci

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30
Q

 Culture: greenish or brownish discoloration around colony

A

Alpha-Hemolytic Streptococci

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31
Q

Species of Alpha-Hemolytic Streptococci

A

S. pneumoniae (green streptococci), some Enterococci spp., and Streptococcus bovis complex spp.

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32
Q

complete hemolysis of RBC around colony

A

Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci

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33
Q

 Culture: clear zone around colony

A

Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci

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34
Q

Species of Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci

A

S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, S. dysagalactiae subsp. equisimilis and S. anginosus group and some enterococci spp

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35
Q

exhibit NO hemolysis of RBC around colony

A

Gamma-Hemolytic Streptococci

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36
Q

 Culture: RBC surrounding colony are not affected (no change)

A

Gamma-Hemolytic Streptococci

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36
Q

Species of Gamma-Hemolytic Streptococci

A

Enterococci and Streptococcus bovis complex

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37
Q

small area of intact RBCs around colony surrounded by a wider zone of complete hemolysis

A

Alpha-prime (α′) or wide zone

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38
Q

Hemolysis is enhanced by

A

stabbing the inoculating loop
into the agar several times

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39
Q

Plates are always examined for hemolysis by

A

holding them
in front of light source

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40
Q

Rebecca Lancefield
based on antigenic characteristics of
GROUP-SPECIFIC C SUBSTANCE, a cell wall polysaccharide

A

Lancefield Classification

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41
Q

extraction of C carbohydrate from the streptococcal cell wall by dilute acid and heating the suspension for ___ mins

A

10 mins

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42
Q

mostly significant in classifying and identifying beta hemolytic streptococci

A

Lancefield Classification

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43
Q

not considered as a part of indigenous flora =
pathogenic
acquired through contaminated droplets released through coughing and sneezing

A

Group A Streptococci: Streptococcus pyogenes

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44
Q

resistant to drying and can be recovered from swabs several hours after the collection
colonizes throat and skin on humans

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

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45
Q

major virulence factor = resist phagocytosis and adherence of the bacterial cell to mucosal cells
attached to peptidoglycan of cell wall and extends to cell surface

A

M Protein

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46
Q

most common in pharyngitis

A

M1 serotype

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47
Q

mediates post-streptococcal diseases:
Rheumatic fever =
Acute glomerulonephritis =

A

RF - class 1 M
AG - class I or II

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48
Q

bind beta globulin factor H = regulatory protein involved in the degradation of C3b
binds to fibrinogen blocking complement alternate pathway activation

A

M Protein

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49
Q

aka FIBRONECTIN-BINDING PROTEIN
adhesion molecule that mediates epithelial cell attachment

A

Protein F

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50
Q

adhesion molecule present in the cell wall that is responsible for the adherence into respiratory epithelial cells

A

Lipoteichoic Acid

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51
Q

weakly immunogenic
prevents opsonized phagocytosis by PMN or macrophages
mask bacterial antigens

A

Hyaluronic Acid Capsule

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52
Q

causes lysis of fibrin clots
binds plasminogen and activates the production of plasmin
allows bacteria to move from clotted area (spread infecion)

A

Streptokinase

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53
Q

Streptokinase Application

A

treatment of pulmonary emboli, coronary artery, and venous thromboses

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54
Q

Types of Hemolysins

A

Streptolysin O
Streptolysin S

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55
Q

oxygen labile; highly antigenic = induce antibody response
responsible for subsurface hemolysis on BAP incubated anaerobically

A

Streptolysin O (SLO)

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56
Q

causes lysis of RBC, WBC, platelets, tissue cells
inhibited by the cholesterol in skin lipids
 absence of protective antibodies associated with skin infection

A

Streptolysin O

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57
Q

Serologic Test for SLO

A

Anti-Streptolysin O (ASO) Test

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58
Q

oxygen stable; nonimmunogenic
surface hemolysis seen around colonies that have been incubated aerobically

A

Streptolysin S

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59
Q

causes lysis of RBC, WBC and platelets in the presence of room air
inhibited by nonspecific inhibitor that is frequently present in sera of humans and animals

A

Streptolysin S

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60
Q

Oxygen Labile
Antigenic (ASO Titer)
Subsurface Hemolysis
Lyse RBC, WBC, platelets, tissue cells

A

Streptolysin O

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61
Q

Oxygen Stable
Nonimmunogenic
Surface Hemolysis
Lyse RBC, WBC, and Platelets

A

Streptolysin S

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62
Q

aka deoxyribonuclease) STREPTODORNASE
(streptococcal
lowers viscosity of exudates, giving pathogens more mobility

A

Deoxyribonuclease (Dnase)

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63
Q

aka SPREADING FACTOR
solubilizes the ground substance of mammalian connective tissues (hyaluronic acid)
antigenic and specific for each bacterial or tissue source

A

Hyaluronidase

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64
Q

serine protease capable of inactivating the chemotactic factor for neutrophils and monocytes (C5a)

A

C5a Peptidase

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65
Q

formerly called ERYTHROGENIC TOXINS
cause ared spreading rash = SCARLET FEVER

A

Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxins (SPEs)

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66
Q

heat labile and rarely found in group C and G
act as SUPERANTIGENS helper cell

A

Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxins

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67
Q

SPEs is associated with

A

STREPTOCOCCAL TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME

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68
Q

Four Exotoxin Types:

A

SpeA, SpeB, SpeC, and SpeF

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69
Q

degrades protein mediates rashes that are caused by scarlet fever

A

Exotoxin B (Cysteine protease)

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70
Q

highly virulent strains can cause sharp outbreaks of sore throats and scarlet fever in schools and camps
infants and small children = tendency to extend to the middle ear and mastoid

A

BACTERIAL PHARYNGITIS OR TONSILLITIS (STREP THROAT)

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71
Q

localized skin disease that begins as small vesicles that progress to weeping lesions that crust over after several days
usually seen in young children (2 to 5 years)

A

Impetigo

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72
Q

acute spreading skin lesion that is intensely erythematous with a plainly demarcated but irregular edge
rare infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissues observed frequently in elderly patients

A

Erypsipelas

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73
Q

diffuse, spreading infection of subcutaneous skin tissue characterized by defined area of redness (erythema) and the accumulation of fluid (edema)
follows infection associated with mild trauma, burns, wounds, or surgical incisions

A

Cellulitis

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74
Q

Cellulitis may lead to

A

gangrene

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75
Q

Cellulitis is differentiated from erysipelas by two clinical findings:

A

lesion is not raised
line between the involved and uninvolved tissue is indistinct

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76
Q

aka GALLOPING GANGRENE, FLESH-EATING BACTERIA SYNDROME, SUPPURATIVE FASCIITIS, HOSPITAL GANGRENE, or NECROTIZING ERYSIPELAS

A

NECROTIZING FASCIITIS

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77
Q

invasive infection characterized by rapidly progressing inflammation and necrosis of the skin, subcutaneous fat, and fascia

A

Necrotizing Fasciitis

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78
Q

acts as a superantigen, causing the immune system to contribute to the damage

A

Exotoxin A

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79
Q

Type 1 NF

A

polymicrobial infection from which aerobic and anaerobic bacteria are recovered

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80
Q

Type 2 NF

A

GAS

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81
Q

Type 3 NF

A

gas gangrene or clostridial myonecrosis

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82
Q

characterized by a precipitous drop in blood pressure, failure of multiple organs, and a very high fever
caused by an invasive strep A that produces one or more of the streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins

A

Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome

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83
Q

initial streptococcal infection includes

A

pharyngitis, peritonitis,
cellulitis, wound infections

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84
Q

play a major role in the pathogenesis of the disease = superantigens

A

Spe A

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85
Q

most common strains associated with
streptococcal TSS

A

M1 and M3

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86
Q

punctate exanthem overlying a diffuse erythema that appears initially on neck and upper chest, 1 to 2 days following strep throat
rash disappears over the next 5 to 7 days and is followed by desquamation

A

Scarlet Fever (Scarlatina)

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87
Q

communicable and spread by inhalation of infectious respiratory droplets
results from a throat infection with a strain of S. pyogenes that carries lysgenic bacteriophage (T12)- cause by release of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin

A

Scarlet Fever (Scarlatina)

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88
Q

Cardinal Signs of Scarlet Fever

A

diffuse red rash on the upper chest and spreads to the trunk and extremities, and “strawberry-colored” tongue

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89
Q

susceptibility test for scarlet fever

A

Dick’s Test

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90
Q

 Test arm: 0 .1 ml of Dick’s toxin (Eryhtrogenic Toxin)
 Control arm: : 0.1 ml of Dick’s toxoid
 Read reaction after 24 hours
 (+) reaction: Eythema or redness in the test site
 Interpretation: Susceptible to scarlet fever

A

Dick’s Test

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91
Q

based on neutralization of erythrogenic toxins when anti-toxin is injected on the skin of patient with scarlet fever
diagnose whether rashes of patient is due to scarlet fever or not

A

Schultz-Charlton Test

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92
Q

 (+) reaction: “BLANCHING PHENOMENON”– fading of the rashes

A

Schultz-Charlton Test

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93
Q

follows S. pyogenes pharyngitis
autoimmune disease characterized by fever and inflammation of the heart, joints, blood vessels, and subcutaneous tissues

A

Rhematic Fever (Poststreptococcal sequelae)

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94
Q

mediated by antibodies produced against S. pyogenes M protein that cross-react with human heart tissue
most serious result: chronic, progressive damage to the heart valves
most common cause of permanent heart valve damage in children

A

Rhematic Fever (Poststreptococcal sequelae)

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95
Q

aka BRIGHT’S DISEASE
inflammatory disease of the renal glomeruli

A

Acute Glomerulonephritis

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96
Q

develops 1–4 weeks after S pyogenes skin infection (pyoderma, impetigo) or respiratory infection
deposition of antigen-antibody complexes, possibly involving the streptococcal M protein
Type III hypersensitivity reaction

A

Acute Glomerulonephritis

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97
Q

Specimen for the Laboratory Diagnosis (S. pyogenes)

A

Pharynx and Tonsillar swabs (Throat Swabs)

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98
Q

Culture Medium for S. pyogenes

A

Blood Agar Plate

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99
Q

Result of BAP ( S. pyogenes)

A

colonies are transparent to translucent, convex or domed entire, circular, shiny an surrounded by wide zone of β hemolysis

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100
Q

presumptive identification of S. pyogenes (S)
screening for GAS in throat cultures
groups C and G are also susceptible

A

Bacitracin Susceptibility Test/Taxo A (0.02-0.04 U)

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101
Q

Result of Taxo A (S. pyogenes)

A

Susceptible

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102
Q

Result of Taxo A (S. agalactiae)

A

Resistant

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103
Q

detects L-pyrrolidonyl arylamidase
more specific for S. pyogenes than bacitracin

A

Pyrrolidonyl-α-Naphthylamide Hydrolysis Test

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104
Q

is the only species of Streptococcus that is PYR
positive

A

S. pyogenes

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105
Q

Other PYR (+)

A

Enterococcus, Aerococcus, and Gemella

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106
Q

result of (+) PYR

A

Cherry Red Color

107
Q

Group A and B streptococci is _______ to SXT

A

resistant (positive result)

108
Q

Group C is ________ to SXT

A

susceptible (negative result)

109
Q

interfering respiratory microbiota will be inhibited by _____

A

SXT (Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim Test)

110
Q

positive result of SXT means

A

Resistance

111
Q

Serologic Test for S. pyogenes

A

ASO Test

112
Q

reciprocal of the highest dilution demonstrating no hemolysis expressed in TODD units

A

Titer

113
Q

 Serum is added with measured amount of SLO reagent and incubated
 Reagent RBC are added indicator
 Enough antibody is present: SLO neutralized and no hemolysis occurs

A

ASO TEst

114
Q

neutralize reagent DNase B, preventing it from depolymerizing DNA

A

Anti-DNase B Antibodies

115
Q

DNase measured by its effect on a DNA methyl-green conjugate

A

Anti-DNase B Testing

116
Q

GROUP B STREPTOCOCCI

A

Streptococcus agalactiae

117
Q

have group B–specific antigen, acid-stable
polysaccharide located in cell wall
normal flora of female genital tract and lower
gastrointestinal tract

A

Streptococcus agalactiae

118
Q

MOT of S. agalactiae

A

Direct Contact

119
Q

Causes infection of fetus during passage through the colonized birth canal and premature rupture of mother’s membrane

A

S. agalactiae

120
Q

important virulence factor of S. agalactiae

A

Capsule

121
Q

prevents phagocytosis but is ineffective after
opsonization

A

Capsule

122
Q

 most significant component of the capsule
critical virulence determinant

A

Sialic Acid

123
Q

AVIRULENT FACTORS (S. agalactiae)

A

Hemolysin
CAMP factor
Neuraminidase
Dnase
Hyaluronidase
Protease

124
Q

RELATED INFECTIONS AND DISEASES (S. agalactiae)

A
  1. Most common etiologic agent of NEONATAL SEPSIS and MENINGITIS
  2. Pneumonia
  3. Postpartum Infection ENDOMETRITIS
  4. Osteomyelitis
  5. UTI
  6. Puerperal Infection
  7. Endocarditis (Tricuspid Valve Endocarditis)
  8. Skin infection
  9. Important etiologic agent of bovine mastitis
125
Q

Neonatal GBS Disease

A

Early-onset infection (<7 days old)  pneumonia and sepsis
Late-onset infection (7 days old- 3 months old) meningitis and sepsis

126
Q

Specimen for S. agalactiae

A

Vaginal and Rectal Swab

127
Q

BAP result of S. agalactiae

A

grayish white, mucoid, more translucent to opaque, soft, smooth colonies surrounded by smaller zone of β hemolysis

128
Q

Todd-Hewitt broth with Colistin and
Nalidixic acid = TRANSPORT MEDIUM

A

Lim Broth

129
Q

Gentamicin and Nalidixic acid containing broth

A

TransVag broth

130
Q

SELECTIVE BROTH
orange or red pigment (6 hours
incubation)

A

StrepB Carrot Broth

131
Q

selective agar for vaginal or rectal swabs
yellow to orange colonies

A

Granada Agar

132
Q

act synergistically with β-hemolysin produced by S . aureus to cause enhanced lysis of RBC

A

CAPM FACTOR

133
Q

presumptive identification of GBS:

A

S. agalactiae positive`

134
Q

GBS are streaked perpendicular to a streak of S. aureus on ________ agar

A

sheep blood agar

135
Q

result if positive in CAMO Test

A

Arrowhead-shaped hemolysis

136
Q

place a drop of extracted β-lysin on area of confluent growth of suspected GBS

A

Rapid Camp Test or Spot Camp TEst

137
Q

Incubation period for Rapid Camp Test

A

35° C for 20 minutes

138
Q

positive result of RAPID CAMP TEST

A

enhanced hemolysis

139
Q

S. agalactiae (+) has ______________ that hydrolyzes sodium hippurate to form sodium benzoate and glycine

A

hippuricase (hippurate hydrolase)

140
Q

Ammonia + ninhydrin and hydrindantin =

A

PURPLE-Colored Complex

141
Q

Coagglutination or Latex Agglutination

A

Serotyping

142
Q

Serotyping Treatment

A

Penicillin

143
Q

recovered from the upper respiratory tract, vagina and skin
also posses M protein

A

GROUPS C AND G STREPTOCOCCI

144
Q

are animal pathogens and the
main source of STREPTOKINASE

A

Group C Streptococci

145
Q

GROUPS CANDGSTREPTOCOCCI Species

A

S. dysagalactiae subsp. equisimilis
S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus

146
Q

Types of Group C and G Streptococci

A
  1. Large Colony-forming Isolates
  2. Small Colony-forming Isolates
147
Q

isolates with groups A, C, G and L antigens belong to the ____________

A

pyogenic streptococci

148
Q

large-colony–forming β-hemolytic isolates with group C and G antigens belong to

A

S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis

149
Q

small-colony–forming β-hemolytic isolates with group C and G antigens belong to the

A

S. anginosus group

150
Q

all species (S. equi, S. equisimilis, S. zooepidemicus) are β-hemolytic except S. dysagalctiae which may be hemolytic or non-hemolytic
differentiated by carbohydrate fermentation

A

Group C Streptococci

151
Q

causes disease in horse

A

S. equi

152
Q

may cause pharyngitis, puerperal sepsis, endocarditis, bacteremia, osteomyelitis, brain abcess, post-operative wound infection and pneumonia in humans

A

S. equisimilis

153
Q

source of streptokinase used in Thrombolytic Therapy

A

S. equisimilis

154
Q

 similar types of acute infections described for S. pyogenes and S. agalactiae, but usually involve compromised patients

A

Group C and G Streptococci

155
Q

occur in patients with underlying
malignancies

A

Group G streptococci

156
Q

occasionally have been associated with acute pharyngitis

A

Group C organisms

157
Q

ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTS
(Group C and G Streptococci)

A

 Group C streptococci  SUCEPTIBLE to Bacitracin and SXT
 Group G streptococci may be bacitracin resistant or susceptible

158
Q

aka α-prime streptococci that lack Lancefield group antigens
normal microbiota of the upper respiratory tract, the female genital tract, and the gastrointestinal tract
fastidious, with some strains requiring CO2 for growth

A

VIRIDANS Streptococci

159
Q

most common cause of SUBACUTE BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS (SBE), condition associated with a transient bacteremia

A

VIRIDANS Streptococci

160
Q

MOT of Viridans Streptococci

A

gain access to sterile site; most notably results from dental manipulations

161
Q

S. mitis group SPECIES

A

S. mitis
S. sanguis
S. parasanguis
S. gordonii
S. cristatus
S. infantis
S. oralis
S. peroris

162
Q

S. mutans group SPECIES

A

S. mutans
S. sobrinus

163
Q

S. salivarius group SPECIES

A

S. salivarius
S. vestibularis
S. thermophilus

164
Q

S. bovis group SPECIES

A

S. equinus
S. gallolyticus
S. infantarius
S.alactolyticus

165
Q

S. anginosus group SPECIES

A

S. anginosus
S. constellatus
S. intermedius

166
Q

VIRIDANS STREPTOCOCCI
can possess Lancefield group A,C, F, G, or N antigen and in some instances may not be groupable

A

S. anginosus group

167
Q

VIRIDANS STREPTOCOCCI
possess the group D antigen

A

S. bovis group

168
Q

identified in some members of anginosus group

A

Polysaccharide Capsule and Cytolysin

169
Q

adherence and colonization of these organisms in endocarditis

A

Extracellular Dextran and Adhesin (cell
surface–associated proteins)

170
Q

Low Virulence in VIRIDANS STREPTOCOCCI

A

oropharyngeal commensals and opportunistic pathogens

171
Q

VIRIDANS STREPTOCOCCI
RELATED INFECTIONS AND DISEASES

A

Major etiologic agent of Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis
Major etiologic agent of Dental Carries(plaque) S. mutans
Fulminant cardiovascular collapse or meningitis
Gingivitis
Sinusitis
Cellulitis and Wound Infection
Abscesses, osteomyelitis, and empyema
Biliary or Intra-abdominal infections

172
Q

abscess formation in the oropharynx, brain, and peritoneal cavity

A

S. anginosus group

173
Q

S. constellatus subsp. pharyngis causes

A

pharyngitis

174
Q

causes bacterial endocarditis in native valves and prosthetic valve infections

A

S. mitis group

175
Q

causes bacteremia, endocarditis, and meningitis

A

S. salivarius

176
Q

causes bacteremia, septicemia, and endocarditis

A

S. bovis group

177
Q

presence has high correlation with gastrointestinal carcinoma

A

S. gallolyticus sbusp. gallolyticus

178
Q

primary contributor to dental caries and also associated with bacteremia
Most commonly isolated spp. of viridans streptococci

A

S. mutans

179
Q

Specimen for Laboratory Diagnosis of Viridans Streptococci

A

Blood, Gingival Scrappings, Pus Secretions

180
Q

BAP result of Viridans Streptococci

A

small and are surrounded by a zone of
α-hemolysis; some isolates are β-hemolytic or nonhemolytic

181
Q

in pure culture or in high concentration = sweet odor of honeysuckle or butterscotch

A

S. anginosus

182
Q

peptidase that hydrolyzes peptide bonds adjacent to a free amino group

A

Leucine Aminopeptidase (LAP) Test

183
Q

Leucine Aminopeptidase (LAP) Test
Substrate:
End Product:
Reagent:
(+) result:

A

Substrate: Leucine-β-naphthylamide
End-product: β-naphthylamine
Reagent: Paradimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMACA)
(+) result: Red color

184
Q

(+) LAP Bacteria

A

Viridans Streptococci, Streptococcus pyogenes,
Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus
pneumoniae, Enterococcus, and Pediococcus

185
Q

(-) LAP Bacteria

A

Aerococcus and Leuconostoc spp.

186
Q

distinguish small-colony–forming β-hemolytic anginosus group containing groups A or C antigens from large-colony–forming pyogenic strains

A

Voges-Proskauer Test

187
Q

(+) VP Bacteria

A

S. anginosus, S. bovis, and S. mutans groups

188
Q

detects action of β-D-glucuronidase

A

β-D-Glucuronidase

189
Q

Result of β-D-Glucuronidase

A

Large-colony–forming β-hemolytic groups C and G streptococci (+)
Small-colony–forming β-hemolytic anginosus group (-)

190
Q

Note!!! VIRIDANS STREPTOCOCCI

A

All members are PYR (-) and LAP (+)

191
Q

Diagnostic test for S. bovis group (Group D Streptococci)

A

a. Bile Esculin Test
b. Salt Tolerance
c. PYR Test
d. Penicillin Test

192
Q

Bile Esculin Test
Reagent:
(+) result

A

Reagent: Esculin and 40% Bile Salt
(+) result = Blackening of the agar

193
Q

(+) in Bile Esculin Test

A

Group D streptococci and Enterococcus spp.

194
Q

(-) in Bile Esculin Test

A

(-): S. pyogenes and Viridans Streptococci

195
Q

Salt Tolerance = 6.5% NaCl
(+):
(-):

A

(+): Enterococci
(-): Non-enterococci = S. bovis

196
Q

PYR TEST
(+)
(-)

A

(+): Enterococcus
(-): S. bovis

197
Q

Penicillin Test
Susceptible:

A

S. bovis

198
Q

previously classified as group D streptococci
all species produce the cell wall–associated group D antigen
natural inhabitants of the intestinal tracts of humans and animals

A

Enterococcus

199
Q

most are nonhemolytic or α-hemolytic, some are β hemolytic
ability to grow under extreme conditions—presence of bile or 6.5% NaCl or at 45° C or alkaline pH
not highly pathogenic but frequent causes of
nosocomial infection

A

Enterococcus

200
Q

Enterococcus SPECIES

A

E. faecalis, E. faecium, E, avium, E. gallinarum, E. durans, E. raffinosus

201
Q

can grow in extreme conditions
resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents

A

Enterococcus

202
Q

Virulence Factors of E. faecalis

A

 Extracellular surface adhesin proteins, extracellular serine protease, and gelatinase
 Cytolysin

203
Q

colonization and adherence to heart valves and renal epithelial cells

A

Extracellular surface adhesin proteins, extracellular serine protease, and gelatinase

204
Q

 two-subunit toxin
similar to bacteriocins produced by gram (+)
bacteria and is expressed by a quorum
sensing mechanism

A

Cytolysin

205
Q

RELATED INFECTIONS AND DISEASES (ENTEROCOCCUS)

A

a. Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) most common
b. Endocarditis  elderly patients with prosthetic valves or valvular heart disease
c. Bacteremia
d. Intraabdominal or Pelvic Wound Infection
e. CNS and Respiratory Tract infections rare

206
Q

identified by its ability to grow in the presence
of TELLURITE

A

E. faecalis

207
Q

Specimen for Enterococcus

A

Specimen: Blood, Urine, or Wound

208
Q

Culture Medium of Enterococcus

A

TSB or BHI with 5% sheep blood
Grow well at 35° C in the presence of CO2

209
Q

Selective Media for Enterococcus

A

Bile Esculin azide,
CAN,
PEA,
Cephalexin-Aztreonam-Arabinose Agar

210
Q

Enterococcus is identified based on their:

A
  1. Ability to produce acid in carbohydrate broth
  2. Ability to hydrolyze arginine
  3. Tolerance of 0.04% tellurite
  4. Utilization of pyruvate
  5. Ability to produce glucopyranoside
    acid from
  6. Growth around 100-μg efrotomycin acid disk
  7. Motility
211
Q

ENTEROCOCCUS BIOCHEMICAL TESTS AND RESULTS

A

a. Bile Esculin Test (+)
b. PYR test (+)
c. LAP test (+)
d. Growth in 6.5% NaCl (+)
e. Acid Production (+)
f. Penicillin = Resistant
g. Vancomycin = Resistant
h. 100-μg efrotomycin acid disk = Resistant

212
Q

E. faecalis requires ______ as growth factor

A

E. faecalis

213
Q

Other organisms Bile Esculin (+) and 6.5% NaCl:

A

Leuconostoc
Pediococcus
Globicatella
S. urinalis
Lactococcus

214
Q

Molecular Typing Methods for Enterococcus

A

Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis
Contour-clamped homogeneous electric-field electrophoresis
Ribotyping
PCR-based typing methods

215
Q

Antimicrobial Resistance of Enterococcus

A

Intrinsic or acquired resistance to aminoglycosides, β-lactams, and glycopeptides
Vancomycin-resistant

216
Q

aka PNEUMOCOCCUS and DIPLOCOCCUS
encapsulated, characteristically lancet-shaped which occurs singly, on pairs and short chains

A

Streptococcus penuomoniae

217
Q

contains antigen referred to as C substance which reacts with CRP
facultative anaerobe requiring an increase CO2 tension (Candle Jar)

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

218
Q

Virulence Factors of S. pneumoniae

A
  1. Polysaccharide Capsule
  2. Adherance
  3. Enzymes
  4. Pneumolysin O
  5. Autolysin
  6. C-substance
  7. Hemolysin
219
Q

Enzyme that degrades surface structures of host tissue

A

Neuraminidase

220
Q

enzyme that facilitate bacterial colonization on mucosal surfaces eliminating Ig

A

Protease

221
Q

oxygen-sensitive toxin that is cytolytic forcells

A

Pneumolysin O

222
Q

facilitate the release of pneumolysin O and other toxic proteins or inflammatory substance from cells

A

Autolysin

223
Q

component of cell wall which is teichoic
acid that reacts with CRP resulting in the activation of some nonspecific host immune response

A

C-substance

224
Q

characterized by the presence of voluminous fluid which hastens in the spread of bacteria in the lungs
sudden onset with chills, dyspnea, and cough

A

Lobar Pneumonia

225
Q

most common cause of bacterial pneumonia in elderly and immunocompromised individual

A

Lobar Pneumonia

226
Q

In Lobar Pneumonia, Microscopy of Sputum shows

A

large number of S. pneumonia cells and WBC;
absence of oropharyngeal microbiota

227
Q

follows other S. pneumonia otitis media or pneumonia
most common cause of meningitis in adults

A

Meningitis

228
Q

most common isolate in children under 3 years old with recurrent otitis media

A

most common isolate in children under 3 years old with recurrent otitis media

229
Q

Specimen for S. pneumoniae Laboratory Diagnosis

A

Sputum, Swabs, Pus, CSF and Blood

230
Q

Sputum that may indicate S. pneumonia

A

Rust-Tinged Sputum

231
Q

Gram-Stain (S. pneumoniae)

A

Gram(+) cocci in pairs = DIPLOCOCCI
cells are slightly pointed = LANCET SHAPE

232
Q

Culture Medium (S. pneumoniae)

A

BHIA, TSA with 5% sheep’s RBC and CAP

233
Q

NOTE!!!! Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

BAP:
 Young colonies: circular, dome glistening,
shaped, wet, mucoid
 As the colonies become older, AUTOLYTIC CHANGES result in a collapse of each colony’s center, giving it umbilicate or doughnot appearance, Dimple-shaped
(CHECKER or NAILHEAD COLONIES)

234
Q

BAP (S. pneumoniae)
 Colonies incubated aerobically
produce __________.
 Colonies incubated anaerobically
produce __________ due to
oxygen-labile PNEUMOLYSIN O

A

α-hemolysis; β-hemolysis

235
Q

presumptive identification of S. pneumoniae
Optochin (ETHYLHYDROCUPREIN HYDROCHLORIDE) disk is added to the surface of an SBA plate inoculated with an α-hemolytic Streptococcus

A

Optochin Susceptibility Test/ TAXO P

236
Q

Result of Optochin Susceptibility Test/ TAXO P
(S. pneumoniae)

A

Result:
 ZOI >14 mm with a 6-mm disk = SUSCEPTIBLE
 ZOI >16 mm with a 10-mm disk = SUSCEPTIBLE

237
Q

based on the presence of autocatalytic enzyme AMIDASE in S. pneumoniae
Under the influence of BILE SALT OR DETERGENT, bacteria’s cell wall lyses during cell division

A

Bile Solubility Test

238
Q

Reagent and Result for Bile Solubility Test

A

Reagent: SODIUM DEOXYCHOLATE
Result:
 S. pneumoniae = solution becomes CLEAR (+)
 Other α-hemolytic = solution remains CLOUDY (-)
 Negative control: Suspensions made in saline

239
Q

most useful, specific and rapid method for the identification of S. pneumonia (+) and allows serotyping of isolates
performed by mixing on a slide loopful of emulsified sputum or CSF with a loopful of ANTICAPSULAR SERUM and METHYLENE BLUE

A

Neufeld-Quellang Reaction/ Capsular Swelling Test

240
Q

(+) reaction (Neufeld-Quellang Reaction/ Capsular Swelling Test)

A

capsule appears swollen due to change in refractive index which in turn due to serologic reaction (OIL IMMERSION OBJECTIVE)

241
Q

SKIN TEST for determining the presence of ANTIBODIES against pneumococci

A

Francis Test

242
Q

Based on the sensitivity of mouse to even small inoculum of pneumococci
Sputum containing pneumococci is injected intraperitoneally to a mouse which eventually dies within 16-48 hours
Heart blood of the mouse contain pure culture of pneumococci

A

Mouse Virulence Test

243
Q
  • uses particle-bound antibody to enhance the visibility of the agglutination reaction between Antigen and Antibody
A

Coagglutination Test

244
Q

confirmatory test wherein cell wall antigens are extracted either physically by heating or chemical or enzymatic extraction of cell
suspension grown overnight in Todd-Hewitt Broth

A

Lancefield Precipitin Test

245
Q

SEROLOGIC TEST FOR STREPTOCOCCI

A

a. Lancefield Precipitin Test
b. Direct Fluorescent Antibody Test
c. Coagglutination (Phadebact)
d. Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
e. Latex Agglutination Test
f. ASO Titer for Group A Streptococcal Infection

246
Q

formerly known as the NUTRITIONALLY
VARIANT STREPTOCOCCI
aka pyridoxal-dependent or vitamin B6-dependent, thiol-dependent and symbiotic streptococci

A

Abiotrophia and Granulicatella

247
Q

grow as “satellite colonies” around other bacteria and require sulfhydryl compounds for growth
part of the human oral and gastrointestinal microbiota

A

Abiotrophia and Granulicatella

248
Q

Abiotrophia and Granulicatella
Related Infections:

A

Bacteremia, endocarditis, otitis media, osteomyelitis, endophthalmitis after cataract extraction, brain abscess, chronic sinusitis, septic arthritis, meningitis, and breast implant– associated infections

249
Q

Abiotrophia and Granulicatella
Microscopy:

A

Gram-variable and Pleomorphic forms

250
Q

Abiotrophia and Granulicatella
Species:

A

Granulicatella adiacens, Granulicatella elegans, and Granulicatella balaenopterae, Abiotrophia defective, and Abiotrophia adjacens

251
Q

Abiotrophia and Granulicatella
Biochemical Characteristics

A

α-galactosidase
β-galactosidase
β-glucuronidase,
Hippurate hydrolysis
Arginine hydrolysis
Acid production from trehalose and starch

252
Q

resemble viridans streptococci

A

Aerococcus, Gemella, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, and Pediococcus

253
Q

commonairborne bacteria
resemble viridans streptococci on culture but
microscopically similar to staphylococci (tetrads or clusters)
growth in 6.5% NaCl; weak catalase or pseudocatalase

A

Aerococcus

254
Q

bacteremia and endocarditis; bile esculin(+) and PYR(+)

A

Aerococcus viridans

255
Q

UTI, endocarditis, lymphadenitis, and peritonitis; bile esculin(-) and
PYR(-)

A

Aerococcus urinae

256
Q

similar colony morphology and habitat to viridans streptococci
α-hemolytic or nonhemolytic, gram-negative cocci in pairs, tetrads, clusters, or short chains
endocarditis, wounds, and abscesses

A

Gemella

257
Q

Specie of Gemella

A

Gemella haemolysins

258
Q

Gram(+) cocci occur singly, in pairs, or in chains and physiologically similar to enterococci
α-hemolytic or nonhemolytic
previously classified as group N streptococci
UTI and endocarditis
Does not produce acid from carbohydrates

A

Lactococcus

259
Q

Similar biochemical characteristics with enterococci and viridans streptococci
found on plant surfaces and vegetables, and in milk products
meningitis, bacteremia, UTIs, and pulmonary infections

A

Leuconostoc

260
Q

Leuconostoc SPECIES

A

Leuconostoc citreum, Leuconostoc cremoris, Leuconostoc dextranicum, Leuconostoc lactis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, and Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides

261
Q

Leuconostoc
Microscopy:
Biochemical Test:

A

Microscopy: Irregular coccoid
Biochemical Test:
(-) catalase , (-) PYR, and (-) LAP ; (+) Bile Esculin; growth 6.5% NaCl; and production of gas from glucose

262
Q

Gram(+) cocci in pairs, tetrads, and clusters that can grow at 45° C
bacteremia, abscess formation, and meningitis

A

Pediococcus

263
Q

Pediococcus SPECIES

A

Pediococcus acidilactici, Pediococcus damnosus, Pediococcus dextrinicus, Pediococcus parvulus, and Pediococcus pentasaceus

264
Q

Pediococcus
Biochemical Test:

A

(+) bile esculin, (+) LAP, and (-), do not produce gas from glucose, some grow in 6.5% NaCl

265
Q

sepsis, meningitis, bacteremia, and UTIs
α-hemolytic, PYR(+), LAP(-), and vancomycin
susceptible

A

Globicatella sanguinis

266
Q

otitis media in children
nonhemolytic but α-hemolysis after prolonged incubation
PYR- and LAP-(+); grow slowly in 6.5% NaCl

A

Alloiococcus otitidis

BACTERIOLOGY - LEC (15 decks)

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