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BACTERIOLOGY - LEC > C4 - Bacterial Metabolism > Flashcards

C4 - Bacterial Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What term describes the biochemical reactions used by bacteria to break down and synthesize compounds?

A

Bacterial metabolism

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2
Q

What is analyzed to determine a microorganism’s carbon source utilization?

A

Substrate utilization

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3
Q

What diagnostic aspect looks at the production of specific substances from substrates?

A

End product production

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4
Q

Diagnostic schemes to analyse each unkwon microorganism

A
  1. Utilization of substrates
  2. Production of End products
  3. pH
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5
Q

What term describes the breakdown of chemical substrates coupled with oxidation-reduction reactions?

A

Energy production

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6
Q

What are the two mechanisms bacteria use to produce energy from carbohydrates?

A

Fermentation and Respiration

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7
Q

What type of process is fermentation?

A

Anaerobic

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8
Q

In fermentation, what type of compound is used as the electron acceptor?

A

Organic compound

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9
Q

What tests are used to identify anaerobic bacteria in fermentation?

A

Voges-Proskauer (VP) and Methyl Red Tests

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10
Q

What term describes the energy-generating process where molecular oxygen is the final electron acceptor?

A

Respiration

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11
Q

How efficient is fermentation in energy generation?

A

Less efficient

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12
Q

What accumulates in the medium as a result of fermentation?

A

Mixture of end products (lactate, butyrate, ethanol, acetoin)

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13
Q

What type of bacteria use respiration for energy production?

A

Obligate aerobes and facultative anaerobes

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14
Q

What can certain anaerobes use as final electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration?

A

Inorganic forms of oxygen (nitrate and sulfate)

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15
Q

What are the three major biochemical pathways bacteria use to break down glucose to pyruvic acid?

A

Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) Glycolytic Pathway,

Pentose Phosphate Pathway,

Entner-Doudoroff Pathway

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16
Q

What is the major pathway for converting glucose to pyruvate?

A

Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) Glycolytic Pathway

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17
Q

What reducing power is generated by the EMP Glycolytic Pathway?

A

NADH2

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18
Q

What energy molecule is produced by the EMP Glycolytic Pathway?

A

ATP

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19
Q

Is the EMP Glycolytic Pathway aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Anaerobic

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20
Q

Which pathway is an alternative to the EMP pathway and produces ribulose-5-phosphate?

A

Pentose Phosphate (Phosphogluconate) Pathway

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21
Q

What does the Pentose Phosphate Pathway provide for nucleotide synthesis?

A

Pentoses

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22
Q

What reducing power does the Pentose Phosphate Pathway generate?

A

NADPH

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23
Q

Which bacteria use the Pentose Phosphate Pathway and are heterolactic fermenting?

A

Lactobacilli

24
Q

Which bacteria use the Pentose Phosphate Pathway and lack some enzymes required in the EMP pathway?

A

Brucella abortus

25
In the Entner-Doudoroff Pathway, what is converted to pyruvate and glyceraldehyde phosphate?
Glucose-6-phosphate
26
How many NADPH molecules are generated per molecule of glucose in the Entner-Doudoroff Pathway?
One NADPH
27
What is the ATP requirement for the Entner-Doudoroff Pathway?
One ATP
28
Which bacteria use the Entner-Doudoroff Pathway and are aerobic?
Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes, Enterococcus faecalis
29
What type of bacteria also use the Entner-Doudoroff Pathway due to lacking certain glycolytic enzymes?
Other bacteria (lmao yan lang nasa ppt)
30
What is the major end product of alcoholic fermentation?
Ethanol
31
Which organisms are known for alcoholic fermentation?
Yeasts
32
Anaerobic Utilization of Pyruvic Acid (Fermentation) examples
A. Alcoholic Fermentation B. Homolactic Fermentation C. Heterolactic Fermentation D. Propionic Acid Fermentation E. Mixed Acid Fermentation F. Butanediol Fermentation H. Butyric Acid Fermentation
33
What is the end product of homolactic fermentation?
Lactic acid
34
Which genera are known for homolactic fermentation?
treptococcus and Lactobacillus
35
What additional products are produced in heterolactic fermentation besides lactic acid?
Carbon dioxide, alcohols, formic acid, and acetic acid
36
Which bacteria are examples of heterolactic fermentation?
Some lactobacilli
37
What is the major end product of propionic acid fermentation?
Propionic acid
38
Which bacteria are known for propionic acid fermentation?
Propionibacterium acnes and some anaerobic non-spore-forming, gram-positive bacilli
39
What acids are produced in mixed acid fermentation?
Lactic, acetic, succinic, and formic acids
40
What test is based on the production of strong acid in mixed acid fermentation?
Methyl red test
41
Which bacteria are known for mixed acid fermentation?
Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella
42
What are the end products of butanediol fermentation?
Acetoin (acetyl methyl carbinol) and 2,3-butanediol
43
What test detects acetoin in butanediol fermentation?
Voges-Proskauer (VP) test
44
Which bacteria are known for butanediol fermentation?
Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia
45
What is the end product of butyric acid fermentation?
Butyric acid, along with acetic acid, CO2, and Hydrogen
46
Which bacteria are known for butyric acid fermentation?
Clostridium, Fusobacterium, Eubacterium
47
What is the relationship between the VP reaction and the methyl red test?
Organisms positive for the VP reaction usually have a negative methyl red test, and vice versa.
48
Energy Utilization
1. Biosynthesis of new cell components 2. Maintenance of the physical and chemical integrity of the cell 3. Activity of the locomotor organelles 4. Transport of solutes across membranes 5. Heat production
49
What is the most important pathway for the complete oxidation of a substrate under aerobic conditions?
Krebs or Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) cycle
50
In the Krebs cycle, what happens to pyruvate?
Pyruvate is oxidized, creating carbon skeletons for biosynthesis and donating electrons to the electron transport chain.
51
What are the results of the Krebs cycle?
Production of acid and evolution of carbon dioxide
52
How is fermentation detected in carbohydrate utilization?
By acid production and a color change due to a pH indicator in the culture medium
53
What must be absent for accurate testing of the ability to ferment a sugar other than glucose?
Glucose
54
What enzyme is responsible for transporting lactose across the cell wall into the bacterial cytoplasm?
β-galactoside permease
55
What enzyme breaks the galactoside bond in lactose fermentation, releasing glucose?
β-galactosidase
56
Can all organisms that ferment lactose also ferment glucose?
Yes

BACTERIOLOGY - LEC (19 decks)

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