C8.3 - Endotoxins and Exotoxins Table

Question 1

Botulism - Bacterium and Type of Exotoxin

Answer 1

Clostridium botulinum / A-B

Question 2

Tetanus - Bacterium and Type of Exotoxin

Answer 2

Clostridium tetani / A-B

Question 3

Diphtheria - Bacterium and Type of Exotoxin

Answer 3

Corynebacterium diphtheriae / A-B

Question 4

Scalded skin syndrome - Bacterium and Type of Exotoxin

Answer 4

Staphylococcus aureus / A-B

Question 5

Cholera - Bacterium and Type of Exotoxin

Answer 5

Vibrio cholerae / A-B

Question 6

Traveler’s diarrhea - Bacterium and Type of Exotoxin

Answer 6

Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and Shigella spp. / A-B

Question 7

Anthrax - Bacterium and Type of Exotoxin

Answer 7

Bacillus anthracis / A-B

Question 8

Botulism - Mechanism

Answer 8

Neurotoxin prevents the transmission of nerve impulses → flaccid paralysis

Question 9

Tetanus - Mechanism

Answer 9

Neurotoxin blocks nerve impulses to muscle relaxation pathway → spastic paralysis

Question 10

Diphtheria - Mechanism

Answer 10

Cytotoxin inhibits protein synthesis (esp. in nerve, heart, and kidney cells)

Question 11

Scalded skin syndrome - Mechanism

Answer 11

Causes skin layers to separate and slough off (scalded skin)

Question 12

Cholera - Mechanism

Answer 12

Enterotoxin causes secretion of large amounts of fluids and electrolytes that result in diarrhea

Question 13

Anthrax - Mechanism

Answer 13

Two A components enter the cell via the same B. The A protein causes shock and reduce the immune response.

Question 13

Traveler’s diarrhea - Mechanism

Answer 13

Enterotoxin causes secretion of large amounts of fluids and electrolytes that result in diarrhea

Question 13

Gas gangrene and food poisoning - Mechanism

Answer 13

One exotoxin (cytotoxin) causes massive RBC destruction (hemolysis); another exotoxin
(enterotoxin) is related to food poisoning and causes diarrhea

Question 14

Antibiotic-associated diarrhea - Mechanism

Answer 14

Enterotoxin causes secretion of fluids and
electrolytes that results in diarrhea; cytotoxin disrupts host cytoskeleton

Question 15

Food poisoning - Mechanism

Answer 15

Enterotoxin causes secretion of fluids and
electrolytes that results in diarrhea

Question 16

Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) - Mechanism

Answer 16

Toxin causes secretion of fluids and electrolytes from capillaries that decreases
blood volume and lowers blood pressure

Question 17

Gas gangrene and food poisoning - Bacterium and Type of Exotoxin

Answer 17

Clostridium perfringens and other species of Clostridium / Membrane-disrupting

Question 18

Antibiotic-associated diarrhea - Bacterium and Type of Exotoxin

Answer 18

Clostridium difficile / Membrane-disrupting

Question 19

Food poisoning - Bacterium and Type of Exotoxin

Answer 19

Staphylococcus aureus / Superantigen

Question 20

Toxic shock syndrome - Bacterium and Type of Exotoxin

Answer 20

Staphylococcus aureus / Superantigen

Question 21

Exotoxin - Organism Type

Answer 21

Gram-positive and gram-negative

Question 22

Endotoxin - Organism Type

Answer 22

Gram-negative

Question 23

Exotoxin - Chemical Nature

Answer 23

Protein

Question 24

Endotoxin - Chemical Nature

Answer 24

Lipopolysaccharide

Question 25

Exotoxin - Location

Answer 25

Outside the living cell; produced extracellularly even though the cells are intact and viable

Question 26

Endotoxin - Location

Answer 26

Part of the outer membrane; produced only when the cell are lysed

Question 27

Heat Stability - Exotoxin

Answer 27

Heat-labile(inactivated at 60°C)

Question 28

Heat Stability - Endotoxin

Answer 28

Heat-stable (121°C)

Question 29

Immunogenicity - Exotoxin

Answer 29

Highly potent and antigenic

Question 30

Immunogenicity - Endotoxin

Answer 30

Less potent and antigenic

Question 31

Toxoid Conversion - Exotoxin

Answer 31

Converted to toxoid

Question 32

Toxoid Conversion - Endotoxin

Answer 32

Cannot be converted to toxoid

Question 33

Detoxification by Formaldehyde - Exotoxin

Answer 33

Detoxified

Question 34

Detoxification by Formaldehyde - Endotoxin

Answer 34

Not Detoxified

Question 35

Neutralization by homologous antibody - Exotoxin

Answer 35

Complete

Question 36

Neutralization by homologous antibody - Endotoxin

Answer 36

Partial

Question 37

Toxicity - Exotoxin

Answer 37

High

Question 38

Toxicity - Endotoxin

Answer 38

Low

Question 39

Genetics - Exotoxin

Answer 39

Frequently controlled by extrachromosomal genes (eg, plasmids)

Question 40

Genetics - Endotoxin

Answer 40

Synthesis directed by chromosomal genes

Question 41

Receptor - Exotoxin

Answer 41

Usually bind to specific receptor on cells

Question 42

Receptor - Endotoxin

Answer 42

Specific receptor not found on cell

Question 43

Pharmacologic - Exotoxin

Answer 43

SPECIFIC: * Cytotoxin * Enterotoxin * Neurotoxin * Cardiotoxin * Hepatotoxin * Leukotoxin

Question 44

Pharmacologic - Endotoxin

Answer 44

NONSPECIFIC: chills, fever, weakness, generalized aches, hypotension (leading to shock/septic shock), DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation) MOA: induces production of IL-1 and IFN-α; in cases of shock, TNF/cachectin is also produced

Question 45

Effects on Host - Exotoxin

Answer 45

Destroys a particular part of the host’s cell

Question 46

Effects on Host - Endotoxin

Answer 46

Disruption of clotting (DIC), fever, hypotension, shock and death

Question 47

Example of Exotoxin

Answer 47

Diphtheria toxin Tetanus toxin Botulinum toxin Vibrio enterotoxin Erythrogenic toxin Heat labile enterotoxin Staphylococcal enterotoxin

Question 48

Example of Endotoxin

Answer 48

Typhoid fever - Salmonella tyhpi UTI – Proteus spp. Meningococcal meningitis – N. meningitidis