C1 - HISTORY Flashcards by Mark James Mateo

It is the study of the microorganisms, a large and diverse group of microscopic organisms made of single cell or cluster of cells

MICROBIOLOGY

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Suggested that diseases were caused by “invisible living creatures”

LUCRETIUS (95-55 B.C) AND GIROLAMO
FRACASTORO (1478-1553)

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Contagion Theory

Fracastoro

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 No disease are from not supernatural causes but natural causes

Hippocrates

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Theory of Humors:

Blood
Phlegm
Yellow bile
Black bile

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Made the earliest observations on bees and weevils using a microscope supplied by Galileo

FRANCESCO STELLUTI (1577-1652)

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 Reported to the world that life’s smallest structural units were “little boxes,” or “cells,”

Robert Hooke

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“all living things are composed of cells”

CELL THEORY

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Considered as the “first true microbiologist”

First actually to observe live microorganisms through the magnifying lenses of more than 400 microscopes he constructed

ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK (1632-1723)

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“tiny living and moving cells”

animalcules

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Mentioned that simple invertebrates could arise from Spontaneous Generation

ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C)

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 Demonstrate that maggots did not arise spontaneously from decaying meat (1668)

 Results of his investigation invalidated the long-held belief that life forms could arise from non-living things

FRANCESCO REDI (1626-1697)

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 Observed that a boiled mutton broth eventually became cloudy after pouring it into a flask that was then sealed tightly

 Found that even after he heated nutrient fluids (chicken broth and corn broth) before pouring them into covered flasks, the cooled solutions were soon teeming with microorganisms

JOHN NEEDHAM (1731-1781)

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 Claimed that microbes developed spontaneously from the fluids

 Asserted that organic matter possessed a “vital force” that could give rise to life

JOHN NEEDHAM (1731-1781)

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Suggested that microorganisms from the air probably had entered Needham’s solutions after they were boiled

Proposed that air carried microorganisms to the culture medium

Showed that nutrient fluids heated after being sealed in a flask did not develop microbial growth

LAZZARO SPALLANZI (1729-1799)

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Showed the importance of oxygen to life

ANTON LAURENT LAVOISIER (1743-1794)

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 Challenged the case for spontaneous generation with the concept of Biogenesis

Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902)

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living cells can arise only from preexisting living cell

Biogenesis

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Observed that no growth occurred in a flask that contained a nutrient solution after allowing the air to pass through a heated tube

THEODOR SCHWANN (1810-1882)

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Noticed that no growth occurred after allowing the air to pass through a sterile cotton wool placed on a flask of heat-sterilized medium

HEINRICH SCHRODER (1810-1885) AND THEODORE VON DUSCH (1824-1890)

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Disproved the doctrine of spontaneous generation
Demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air and can contaminate sterile solutions, but that air itself does not create microbes

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

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 Showed that microorganisms can be present in nonliving matter-on solids, in liquids, and in the air

 Demonstrated conclusively that microbial life can be destroyed by heat and that methods can be devised to block the access of airborne microorganisms to nutrient environments

LOUIS PASTEUR (1822-1895)

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→ techniques that prevent contamination
by unwanted microorganisms, which are now the standard practice in laboratory and many medical procedures

Aseptic Techniques

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 Showed that dust carry germs that could contaminate a sterile broth

JOHN TYNDALL (1820-1893)

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is a form of sterilization in the 19th century that uses moist heat for 3 consecutive days to eradicate vegetative cells and endospores

Tyndallization

 Discovered that there are bacteria that could withstand a series of heating and boiling because of heat resistant structures known as endospores

FERDINAND COHN (1828-1898)

 Stated that yeast cells are responsible for the conversion of sugars to alcohol

THEODOR SCHWANN

(Pasteur) - microorganisms called yeasts convert the sugars to alcohol in the absence of air:

FERMENTATION

Pasteur's solution to the spoilage problem was to heat the beer and wine just enough to kill most of the bacteria that caused the spoilage:

PASTEURIZATION

Stated Souring and spoilage are caused by different microorganisms called bacteria; in the presence of air, bacteria change the alcohol in the beverage into vinegar (acetic acid)

Louis Pasteur

- Microorganisms might have relationships with plants and animals---specifically, that microorganisms might cause disease

Germ Theory Of Disease

 Had proved that another silkworm disease was caused by a fungus

Agostino Bassi

Demonstrated that physicians, who at the time did not disinfect their hands, routinely transmitted infections (puerperal, or child -birth, fever) from one obstetrical patient to another

Ignaz Semmelweis

Demonstrated that routine handwashing can prevent the spread of disease

Ignaz Semmelweis

Introduced the system of antiseptic surgery in Britain Applied the germ theory to medical procedures

JOSEPH LISTER (1827-1912)

 Began treating surgical wounds with a phenol solution  Pioneered in promoting among surgeons handwashing before and after an operation, the wearing of gloves, sterilization of surgical instruments

JOSEPH LISTER (1827-1912)

 First to show irrefutable proof that bacteria indeed cause disease  Discovered Bacillus anthracis in the blood of cattle that had died of anthrax (1876)

ROBERT KOCH (1843-1910)

 Discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1882)  First to cultivate bacteria on boiled potatoes, gelatin, meat

ROBERT KOCH (1843-1910)

A sequence of experimental steps for directly relating a specific microbe to a specific disease:

Koch's Postulates

KOCH'S POSTULATE

1. The microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent from a healthy host 2. The suspected microorganism must be isolated from a diseased host grows in a pure culture 3. The same disease must be present when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host 4. The same organism must be isolated again from the disease host

 Suggested the use of agar, a solidifying agent, in the preparation of the culture media

FANNY HESSE (1850-1934)

 Developed the Petri Dish, which is a circular glass or plastic plate for holding the culture media

JULIUS RICHARD PETRI (1852-1921)

 Developed the enrichment-culture technique and the use of selective media

MARTIN BEIJERINK (1851-1931) AND SERGEI WINOGRADSKY (1856-1953

Embarked on an experiment to find a way to protect people from smallpox  Introduced the concept of vaccination

EDWARD JENNER (1749-1823)

→ immunized patients by removing scales from drying pustules of a person suffering from a mild case of smallpox, grinding the scales to a fine powder, and inserting the powder into the nose of the person to be protected

Physicians in China

Pasteur used the term vaccine for an _____________

attenuated culture

Both made a series of experiments to produced attenuated stains of bacteria  Prove that when attenuated strains are introduced into healthy host, the latter remains protected and healthy against the virulent agent

LOUIS PASTEUR (1822-1895) AND PIERREPAUL EMILE ROUX (1853-1933)

 Created a porcelain bacterial filter and developed the anthrax vaccine together with Pasteur

CHARLES CHAMBERLAND (1851-1908)

 Prepared antitoxins for diphtheria and tetanus

EMIL VON BEHRING (1854-1917)

First to described the immune system cells and he process of phagocytosis

ELIE METCHNIKOFF (1845-1916)

 Treatment of disease by using chemical substances  Chemical treatment of non-infectious diseases, such as cancer

CHEMOTHERAPY

 Chemicals produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to act against other microorganisms

ANTIBIOTICS

Chemotherapeutic agents prepared from chemicals in the laboratory

SYNTHETIC DRUGS

 Speculated about a bullet" that could hunt down and destroy a pathogen without harming the infected host

PAUL EHRLICH (1854-1915)

Ehrlich found a chemotherapeutic agent called __________________, an arsenic derivative effective against syphilis

Salvarsan (Arsphenamine)

 Discovered streptomycin and neomycin antibiotics  Regarded as “Father of Antibiotics” by some historians

SELMAN WAKSMAN (1888-1973)

 Accidentally discovered Penicillin  Mold was later identified as Penicillium notatum (later renamed Penicillium chrysogenum)

ALEXANDER FLEMING (1881-1955)

 Made the purification process for penicillin and clinical trials to humans

HOWARD FLOREY (1898-1968) AND ERNST CHAIN (1906-1979)

First to propose the correct biochemical structure of Penicillin

EDWARD ABRAHAM (1913-1999)

Developed a diphtheria antitoxin (1901)

Emil A. von Behring

Discovered how malaria is transmitted (1902)

Ronald ROss

Cultured tuberculosis bacteria (1905)

Robert Koch

Developed theories on immunity (1908)

Paul Ehrlich

Describes phagocytosis, the intake of solid materials by cells (1908)

Elie Metchnikoff

Discovered Penicillin (1945)

Alexander Fleming, Ernst Chain, and Howard Florey

Discovered streptomycin (1952)

Selman A. Waksman

Discovered chemical steps of Krebs cycle in carbohydrate metabolism (1953)

Hans A. Krebs

Cultured poliovirus in cell cultures (1954)

John F. Enders, Thomas H. Weller, and Frederick C. Robbins

Described genetic control of biochemical reactions (1958)

Joshua Lederberg, George Beadle, and Edward Tatum

Discovered acquired immune tolerance (1960)

Frank Macfarlane Burnet and Peter Brian Medawar

Identified the physical structure of DNA (1962)

James D. Watson, Frances H. C. Crick, and Maurice A. F. Wilkins

Described how protein synthesis is regulated in bacteria (1965)

Fracois Jacob, Jacques Monod, and Andre Lwoff

Discovered cancer-causing viruses (1966)

Peyton Rous

Described the mechanism of viral infection of bacterial cells (1969)

Max Delbruck, Alfred D. Hershey, and Salvador E. Luria

Described the nature and structure of antibodies (1972)

Gerald M. Edelman Rodney R. Porter

Discovered reverse transcriptase and described how RNA viruses could cause cancer (1975)

Renato Dulbecco Howard Temin David Baltimore

Described the action of registration enzymes (now used in recombinant DNA technology) (1978)

Daniel Nathans Hamilton Smith Werner Arber

Described the chemiosmotic mechanism for ATP synthesis (1978)

Peter Michell

Performed experiments in gene splicing (1980)

Paul Berg

Described the structure of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) (1982)

Aaron Klug

Discovered trasposons (small segments of DNA that can move from one region of a DNA molecule to another) (1983)

Barbara McClintock

Developed a technique for producing monoclonal antibodies (singe pure antibodies) (1984)

Cesar Milstein, Georges J.F. Kohler, Niels Kai Jerne

Described the genetics of antibody production (1987)

Susumu Tonegawa

Described the structure of bacterial photosynthetic pigments (1988)

Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber, Hartmut Michel

Discovered cancer-causing genes called oncogenes (1989)

J. Michael Bishop, Harold E. Varmus

Performed the first successful organ transplants by using immunosuppressive agents (1990)

Joseph E. Murray, E. Donnall Thomas

Discovered the protein kinases, enzymes that regulates cell growth (1992)

Edmond H. Fisher, Edwin G. Krebs

Discovered that a gene can be separated onto different segments of DNA (1993)

Richard J. Roberts, Philip A. Sharp

Discovered that polymerase chain reaction to amplify (make multiple copies of) DNA (1993)

Kary B. Mullis

Discovered how cytotoxic T cells recognize virus-infected cells prior to destroying them (1996)

Peter C. Doherty, Rolf M. Zinkernagel

Discovered and named proteinaceous infectious particles (prions) and demonstrated a relationship between prions and deadly neurological diseases in humans and animals (1997)

Stanley B. Prusiner

Discovered water and ion channels in plasma membranes (2003)

Peter Agre, Roderick MacKirron

Discovered how cells dispose of unwanted proteins in proteasomes (2004)

Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko, Irwin Rose

Discovered that Helicobacter pylori causes peptic ulcers (2005)

Barry Marshall, J. Robin Warren

Discovered RNA interference (RNAi), or genes silencing by double-stranded RNA (2006)

Andrew Fire, Craig Mello

Discovered that human papilloma viruses cause cervical cancer (2008)

Harald zur Hausen

Discovered human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (2008)

Francoise Barre-Sinoussi, Luc Montagnier