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BACTERIOLOGY - LEC > C8 - Host Microorganisms Interactions (Part 2) > Flashcards

C8 - Host Microorganisms Interactions (Part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

HOST RESISTANCE

A

Physical Barriers
Macrophages

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2
Q

Physical Barriers

A

a. Healthy, Intact Skin
b. Cleansing Mechanisms
c. Antimicrobial Substances
d. Indigenous Microbial Flora
e. Phagocytosis

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3
Q

→ primary mechanical barrier to infection

A

Healthy, Intact Skin

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4
Q

→has substantial numbers of microbial flora that contribute to a low pH, compete for nutrients, and produce bactericidal substances addition

A

Healthy, Intact Skin

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5
Q

→ ensures that relatively few organisms can survive and prosper in the acid environment

A

low pH resulting from long-chain fatty acids secreted by sebaceous glands

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6
Q

Spp capable of penetrating normal, healthy skin

A

Leptospira spp., Francisella tularensis, Treponema spp

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7
Q

Mechanism of urethral opening as a barrier

A

Stricture

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8
Q

This action allows the urethra to be less susceptible to microorganism growth

A

urination

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9
Q

Found in the cervical opening that acts as a barrier for microorganism

A

thick mucus plug

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10
Q

What natural process involves the shedding of the skin surface to remove potential pathogens?

A

Desquamation

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11
Q

What two antimicrobial components are found in tears?

A

IgA and lysozyme

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12
Q

How does the respiratory tract help remove trapped microbes?

A

Mucus traps particles and sweeps them to the oropharynx.

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13
Q

What type of epithelium lines the trachea and aids in clearing particles upward?

A

Ciliated epithelium

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14
Q

Which reflex helps expel potentially infected agents from the respiratory system?

A

Cough-sneeze reflex

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15
Q

What two mechanisms in the gastrointestinal tract prevent organisms from attaching to the intestinal epithelium?

A

Mucous secretions and peristalsis

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16
Q

What cleansing action in the genitourinary tract helps prevent infection?

A

Voiding urine

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17
Q

What characteristic of the vagina inhibits colonization by transient organisms?

A

Acidity

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18
Q

Cleansing Mechanisms of the body

A

Desquamation
IgA and lysozyme in tears
Mucus in RT
Ciliated epithelium in trachea
Cough-sneeze reflex
Mucous secretions and peristalsis of the GI tract

Voiding urine
Acidity of vagina

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19
Q

Antimicrobial Substances

A

Lysozyme
Secretory IgA
β-lysins
Interferon

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20
Q

→low-molecular-weight (approximately 20,000 D) enzyme that hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls

A

Lysozyme

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21
Q

Lysozyme found in

A

serum,
tissue fluids,
tears,
breast milk,
saliva, and
sweat

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22
Q

→serve as opsonins, fix complement and neutralize the infecting
organism

A

Secretory IgA

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23
Q

Secretory IgA →found in

A

mucous secretions of the

respiratory,
genital, and
digestive tracts

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24
Q

Secretory IgA serve as

A

opsonins

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25
Q

→low-molecular-weight cationic proteins in serum
→lethal against gram-positive bacteria and are released from platelets during coagulation

A

β-lysins

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26
Q

→inhibits proliferation of viruses

A

Interferon

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27
Q

→compete with pathogens for nutrients and space

A

Indigenous Microbial Flora

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28
Q

→substances that inhibit the growth of closely related bacteria

A

Bacteriocins

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29
Q

→process by which phagocytes engulf and dispose of microorganisms and cell debris

A

Phagocytosis

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30
Q

necessary for the killing and digestion of the engulfed particles

A

Lysosomes

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31
Q

Lysosomes [enumerate]

A

myeloperoxidase,
proteases,
cathepsin,
lactoferrin,
lysozyme, and
elastase

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32
Q

→has receptors on the cell membrane for some complement components that stimulate cell motion, the metabolic burst, and secretion of the lysosome contents into a phagosome

A

PMN - polymorphonuclear leukocyte

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33
Q

PMN circulating half life hours

A

2-7 hours

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34
Q

PMN may migrate to the tissues where their half life is

A

less than a week

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35
Q

→circulate as monocytes for 1 to 2 days and then migrate through the blood vessel walls into the tissues and reside in specific tissues as part of the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM

A

Macrophages

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36
Q

Macrophages are part of the [system]

A

MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM

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37
Q

→widely distributed in the body and play a central role in specific immunity and nonspecific phagocytosis

A

Macrophages

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38
Q

Chemotaxis two types

A

Diapedesis
Chemotaxis

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39
Q

→ movement of the neutrophils between the endothelial cells of the blood vessels into the tissues

A

DIAPEDESIS

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40
Q

→directed migration of PMNs into the area of infection

A

CHEMOTAXIS

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41
Q

→facilitated by the binding of specific antibodies to the microorganism

A

Attachment

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42
Q

→coating of the bacterium with antibody or complement components results in enhanced phagocytosis by the PMN

A

OPSONIZATION

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43
Q

Neutrophils have membrane receptors for?

A

Fc region of
IgG1
IgG3
C3b component of complement

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44
Q

Which antibody classes can bind to organisms to initiate opsonization?

A

IgG1 or IgG3

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45
Q

What happens when the antibody response is insufficient for opsonization?

A

Complement is fixed on the surface of the organism

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46
Q

Which pathway can be activated by endotoxins or polysaccharides for opsonization?

A

Alternative complement pathway

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47
Q

✓Cell membrane of the phagocytic cell invaginates and surrounds the attached particle

A

Ingestion

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48
Q

In Ingestion ✓Particle is taken into the cytoplasm and enclosed within a
vacuole called a

A

PHAGOSOME

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49
Q

✓Phagosome fuses with lysosomes

A

PHAGOLYSOSOME

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50
Q

Lysosomes release their contents into the phagosome

A

DEGRANULATION

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51
Q

Ingestion included enzymes

A

proteases,
lipases,
RNase,
DNase,
peroxidase, and
acid phosphatase

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52
Q

→phagocytosis of a particle triggers a significant increase in the metabolic activity of the neutrophil or macrophage

A

Metabolic or Respiratory Burst

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53
Q

Killing / Metabolic or Respiratory Burst increases in

A

glycolysis

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54
Q

→body’s response to injury or foreign
body

A

Inflammation

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55
Q

→hallmark of inflammation:

A

accumulation of large numbers of
phagocytic cells

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56
Q

→leukocytes release mediators or
cause other cell types to release which cause ______________ as a result of greater blood flow, edema from an increase in vascular permeability, and
continued phagocyte accumulation,
resulting in ____________

A

erythema
pus

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57
Q

CARDINAL SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION

A

SWELLING,
REDNESS,
HEAT,
PAIN,
LOSS OF FUNCTION

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58
Q

Chemical Mediatiors of Inflammation:

A

✓Histamine
✓Kinins
✓Leukotrienes
✓Prostaglandins
✓Acute phase reactants
✓Cytokines

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59
Q

✓Acute phase reactants examples

A

CRP,
Serum amyloid A,
antitrypsin,
fibrinogen

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60
Q

✓Cytokines that mediate inflammation

A

IL-1,
IL-6,
TNF-α,
IFN-γ,
IL-2

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61
Q

→mechanism whereby the body is able to protect itself from invasion by disease causing organisms

A

Immunity

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62
Q

→consists of numerous cells and protein molecules that are responsible for recognizing and removing these foreign substances

A

Immune system

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63
Q

Immune system Divided into two broad categories

A

Innate or Natural immunity
Adaptive or Specific

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64
Q

little or no specificity immune system

A

Innate or Natural immunity

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65
Q

highly specialized immune system

A

Adaptive or Specific

66
Q

Cells of the immune system

A

B Lymphocytes (B Cells)
T Lymphocytes (T Cells)
Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells)

67
Q

B Lymphocytes (B Cells) Location

A

Lymphoid tissues (lymph nodes, spleen, gut- associated lymphoid tissue, tonsils)

68
Q

B Lymphocytes (B Cells) Function

A

Antibody-producing cells

69
Q

B Lymphocytes (B Cells) Subtypes

A

B lymphocytes
B-memory cells
Plasma cells

70
Q

Cells waiting to be stimulated by an antigen

A

B lymphocytes

71
Q

Activated B lymphocytes that secrete antibody in response to an antigen

A

Plasma cells

72
Q

Long-lived cells preprogrammed to antigen for subsequent exposure

A

B-memory cells

73
Q

T Lymphocytes (T Cells) Location

A

Circulate and reside in lymphoid tissues (lymph nodes, spleen, gut-associated lymphoid tissue, tonsils)

74
Q

T Lymphocytes (T Cells) Subtypes:

A

Helper T cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Suppressor T cells

75
Q

Interact with B cells to facilitate antibody production

A

Helper T cells

76
Q

Recognize and destroy host cells that have been invaded by microorganisms

A

Cytotoxic T cells

77
Q

Mediate regulatory responses within the immune system

A

Suppressor T cells

78
Q

Similar to that of cytotoxic T cells; however do not require the presence of an antigen to stimulate function

A

Natural Killer Cells

79
Q

Immediate response to the pathogen that does not confer long lasting protective immunity

A

INNATE, OR NATURAL,
NONSPECIFIC IMMUNITY

80
Q

INNATE, OR NATURAL,
NONSPECIFIC IMMUNITY examples

A

Physical and chemical barriers
Blood proteins
phagocytosis

81
Q

Blood proteins that act as
mediators of infection

A

Cytokines,
Complement

82
Q

→capable of being specific for distinct molecules, responding in particular ways to different types of foreign substances and developing memory, which allows for a more vigorous response to repeated exposures to the same foreign invader

A

ADAPTIVE, OR SPECIFIC IMMUNITY

83
Q

2 types of ADAPTIVE, OR SPECIFIC IMMUNITY

A

Humoral or Cellular Immune Response

84
Q

major constituents of the adaptive or specific immune response

A

Lymphocytes and Antibodies

85
Q

able to remember each time it encounters a particular foreign antigen

A

Immunologic Memory

86
Q

→Antibody mediated

A

. HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE

87
Q

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) percent of the total serum immunoglobulin pool

A

→70% to 75%

88
Q

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) halflife in serum

A

3 to 4 weeks

89
Q

→cross the maternal placenta to the
fetus
→ passive immunity for newborns,
neutralization of viruses and exotoxin;
responds best to protein antigens, mainly involved in secondary (anamnestic) immune response

A

Immunoglobulin G (IgG)

90
Q

→ cannot cross the placenta
→consists of five basic subunits—each composed of two heavy chains and two light chains (similar to an IgG molecule) and linked to another polypeptide chain (J chain) by disulfide bonds
→endotoxin neutralization, bacterial agglutination, complementmediated bacteriolysis, strong opsonization ability; responds best to polysaccharide antigens, mainly involved in primary immune response

A

Immunoglobulin M (IgM)

91
Q

Immunoglobulin M (IgM) percent of igms

A

10%-15%

92
Q

Immunoglobulin M (IgM) half-life in serum

A

5 days

93
Q

→predominant immunoglobulin class in certain body secretions, such as saliva, tears, and intestinal secretions
→ prevention of bacterial and viral invasion of mucous membranes through interference with adherence of
microorganism to site; found in tears, milk, saliva, and respiratory and GI secretions

A

Immunoglobulin A (IgA)

94
Q

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) percent

A

15% to 20%

95
Q

IgA occurs when

A

two subunits (each similar to an IgG molecule) linked together by a J chain

96
Q

contains a secretory component that stabilizes the molecule

A

Secretory IgA

97
Q

→increase during infection by numerous parasites and may play a
role in eliminating these infectious agents from the host
→major role in allergic response

A

Immunoglobulin E (IgE)

98
Q

→little is known; may serve as a B-cell receptor or play a role in autoallergic diseases

A

Immunoglobulin D (IgD)

99
Q

relatively rapid appearance of IgM antibodies

A

Primary immune response

100
Q

Antibody Responses

A

Primary and Secondary

101
Q

→rapid increase in IgG antibody associated with higher levels, a prolonged elevation, and a more
gradual decline

A

Secondary or Anamnestic immune response

102
Q

→based on the action of specific kinds of T-lymphocytes that directly attack the cells that are infected with virus, parasites, cancer cells or transplanted cells

A

CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE

103
Q

→ primary effector cell in cell-mediated immunity

A

T Lymphocyte

104
Q

→low-molecular-weight proteins resulting from antigen binding, activation, cell division, and differentiation of the T cell

A

Lymphokines

105
Q

Mechanisms by Which Microbes May Overcome Host Defenses

A

a. Bringing about tolerance
b. Immunosuppression
c. Change in the appropriate target for the immune response
d. Antigenic variation

106
Q

inability to induce an immune response to a microbial antigen

A

Tolerance

107
Q

Antigenic variation example

A

Borrelia recurrentis

108
Q

✓Most pathogen are acquired from

A

external sources

109
Q

Pathogens usually exit the infected patient most frequently from the

A

respiratory tract and gastrointestinal
tract

110
Q

transmission to the new host usually occurs via

A

airborne respiratory droplets or fecal contamination of food and water

111
Q

Four (4) important portals of entry for pathogenic organisms

A

GIT, GUT, respiratory tract, integumentary system

112
Q

Mucous membranes of the GIT, GUT, repiratory tract and conjunctiva

DISEASES

A

conjunctivitis, trachoma, ophthalmia
neonatorum

113
Q

punctures, injections, bites, cuts, wounds, surgery, and splitting of the skin or mucus membrane due to swelling or drying

A

✓Parenteral route

114
Q

some organisms have many portals of entry

A

(Yersinia and B. anthracis)

115
Q

ROUTES OF TRANSMISSION

A
  1. Airborne Transmission
  2. Transmission by Food and Water
  3. Close Contact
  4. Cuts and Bites
  5. Arthropods
  6. Zoonoses
116
Q

Respiratory Spread
→ common
→aerosolized by coughing, sneezing, and talking

A

Airborne Transmission

117
Q

—inhalation of infectious particles in liquid droplet dxs

A

TB,
Brucellosis,
Tularemia,
Legionellosis and
Plague

118
Q

→residue from the evaporation of fluid from larger droplets and are light enough to remain airborne for long periods

A

Droplet Nuclei

119
Q

→infection occurs via the fecal-oral route

A

Transmission by Food and Water

120
Q

Transmission by Food and Water spp

A

Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
Vibrio cholera

121
Q

Enterotoxigenic E. coli is the common cause of

A

TRAVELER’S DIARRHEA

122
Q

→enterotoxin that causes the outpouring of fluid from the cells into the lumen of the intestine

A

Vibrio cholera

123
Q

Preformed toxins [spp] [fecal oral route]

A

Clostridium botulinum,
Bacillus cereus, and
S. aureus

124
Q

→passage of organisms by salivary, skin, and genital contact

A

Close Contact

125
Q

→infection by the mouth flora

A

Cuts and Bites

126
Q

→dog-bite and cat-bite infections

A

Pasteurella multocida

127
Q

→tick, flea, or mite bite

A

Arthropods

128
Q

Arthropods dxs

A

→relapsing fever,
plague,
Rocky Mountain spotted fever,
Lyme disease,
typhus

129
Q

→depends on contact with animals or animal products
→arthropod vectors (plague), contact with secretions (brucellosis), and contact with animal carcasses and products (tularemia, listeriosis)

A

Zoonoses

130
Q

Respiratory Tract pathogens

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Neisseria meningitides
Haemophilus influenzae
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Bordetella pertussis
Salmonella typhi
Salmonella enteric
Vibrio cholera
Brucella spp

131
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae disease

A

Pneumonia

132
Q

Neisseria meningitides disease

A

Meningitis
(meningococcemia)

133
Q

Haemophilus influenzae disease

A

Meningitis

134
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis disease

A

Tuberculosis

135
Q

Bordetella pertussis disease

A

Pertussis (Whooping cough)

136
Q

Salmonella typhi disease

A

Typhoid fever

137
Q

Salmonella enteric disease

A

Salmonellosis

138
Q

Vibrio cholera disease

A

cholera

139
Q

Brucella spp. disease

A

Brucellosis (Undulant
fever)

140
Q

Skin (Integumentary System), Parenteral pathogens

A

Clostridium perfringens
Rickettsia rickettsii

141
Q

Clostridium perfringens disease

A

Gas gangrene

142
Q

Rickettsia rickettsii disease

A

Rocky Mountain Spotted
Fever

143
Q

Numbers of Invading Microbes

A

✓ID50
✓LD50

144
Q

→compare relative virulence under experimental conditions; it is not an absolute value

A

✓ID50 (Infectious Dose for 50% of a sample population)

145
Q

→potency of a toxin

A

✓LD50 (Lethal Dose for 50% of a sample population)

146
Q

✓ID50 B. anthracis Cutaneous

A

10-50 endospores

147
Q

✓ID50 B. anthracis Inhalation

A

10k-20k endospores

148
Q

✓ID50 B. anthracis Gastrointestinal

A

250k-1M endospores

149
Q

✓ID50 V. cholerae

A

108 cells (decreased upon neutralization of stomach acidity or administration of bicarbonates)

150
Q

LD50 Botulinum toxin

A

0.03 ng/kg

151
Q

LD50 Shiga toxin

A

250 ng/kg

152
Q

LD50 Staphylococcal enterotoxin

A

1350 ng/kg

153
Q

Host-microorganism interactions path

A

Encounter and entry
Colonization and entry
Invasion and dissemination
Outcome

154
Q

Corresponding infection-disease stages

A

Incubation stage
Prodromal stage
Clinical stage
Stage of decline
Convalescent stage

155
Q

Pathogen encounters and colonizes host surface

A

Encounter and entry

156
Q

Pathogen multiplies and breaches host surface defenses

A

Colonization and entry

157
Q

Pathogen invades deeper tissues and disseminates, encounters inflammatory and immune responses

A

Invasion and dissemination

158
Q

Pathogen completes cycle by [outcomes]

A

Leaves host
Destroys host
Remains in latent state
Is destroyed by host

159
Q

[stage] No signs or symptoms

A

Incubation stage

160
Q

[stage] First signs and symptoms, pathogen may be highly communicable

A

Prodromal stage

161
Q

[stage] Peak of characteristic signs and symptoms of infection or disease

A

Clinical stage

162
Q

[stage] Condition of host deteriorates possibly to death or signs and symptoms begin to subside as host condition improves

A

Stage of decline

BACTERIOLOGY - LEC (14 decks)

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