C2 - Taxonomy

Question 1

area of biologic science comprising three distinct but highly interrelated disciplines

Answer 1

Taxonomy

Question 2

What are the three distinct but highly interrelated disciplines associated with taxonomy?

Answer 2

• Classification
• nomenclature
• identification of organisms

Question 3

→ orderly classification and grouping of organisms into taxa (categories)
→based on similarities and differences in genotype and phenotype

Answer 3

Taxonomy

Question 4

laid down the basic rules for taxonomic categories

Answer 4

Carl von Linne

Question 5

it is the method for organizing microorganisms into groups or taxa based on similar morphologic, physiologic, and genetic traits

Answer 5

classification

Question 6

(classification) Bacteria and Archaebacteria

Answer 6

Domain

Question 7

(classification) contains similar divisions or phyla

Answer 7

Kingdom

Question 8

(classification) contains similar classes; equivalent to the Division taxa

Answer 8

Phylum

Question 9

(classification) contains similar orders

Answer 9

Class

Question 10

(classification) contains similar families

Answer 10

Order

Question 11

(classification) contains similar genera

Answer 11

Family

Question 12

(classification) contains similar species based on various genetic and phenotypic characteristics shared among the species

Answer 12

Genus

Question 13

(classification) specific epithet; most basic of the taxonomic groups and can be defined as a collection of bacterial strains that share common physiologic and genetic features and differ notably from other microbial species

Answer 13

Species

Question 14

(classification) taxonomic subgroups within a species

Answer 14

Subspecies

Question 15

(classification) considered the same species with the same characteristic genetic makeup that displays differential physiologic characteristics

Answer 15

Biotype

Question 16

(classification) based on serologic differences

Answer 16

Serotype

Question 17

Species definitions are distinguished using:

Answer 17

DNA profiling, 16S rRNA sequence in combination with phenotypic traits

Question 18

naming of microorganisms according to established rules and guidelines set forth in the:

Answer 18

International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria/ Bacteriological Code

Question 19

→ Process by which a microorganism’s key features are delineated
→ Process of discovering and recording the traits of organisms so that they may be placed in an overall taxonomic scheme

Answer 19

identification

Question 20

(characteristics) relate to an organism’s genetic makeup, including the nature of the organism’s genes and constituent nucleic acids

Answer 20

genotypic characteristics

Question 21

(characteristics) example of genotypic method for measuring the degree of relatedness between two microorganisms

Answer 21

DNA RNA base sequencing, DNA base composition ratio

Question 22

(characteristics) based on features beyond the genetic level and include both readily observable characteristics and characteristics that may require extensive analytic procedures to be detected

Answer 22

phenotypic characteristics

Question 23

examples of phenotypic characteristics

Answer 23

macroscopic and microscopic morphology, staining characteristics, nutritional requirements, physiologic and biochemical characteristics, antibiotic/chemical susceptibility or resistance

Question 24

(phenotypic characteristics) colony morphology on media

Answer 24

macroscopic

Question 25

(phenotypic characteristics) size, shape, arrangement into groups or chains of organisms

Answer 25

microscopic

Question 26

(phenotypic characteristics) gram-positive or gram-negative

Answer 26

staining characteristics

Question 27

(phenotypic characteristics) ability of an organism to grow at various temperatures, i the presence of oxygen and other gases, at various pH levels, or in the presence of other ions and salts

Answer 27

environmental requirements

Question 28

(phenotypic characteristics) ability of an organism to utilize various carbon and nitrogen sources as nutritional substrates when grown under specific environmental conditions

Answer 28

nutritional requirements

Question 29

(phenotypic characteristics) exhibition of a characteristic inherent resistance to specific antibiotics, heavy metals, or toxins

Answer 29

resistance profiles

Question 30

(phenotypic characteristics) establishment of profile of microorganisms by various serologic and immunologic methods

Answer 30

antigenic properties

Question 31

(phenotypic characteristics) establishment of the molecular constituents if the cell that are typical of a particular taxon

Answer 31

subcellular properties

Question 32

Major Characteristics Used in Taxonomy

Answer 32

classical, molecular characteristics

Question 33

Major Characteristics Used in Taxonomy that is useful in routine identification of phylogenetic information

Answer 33

classical characteristics

Question 34

Major Characteristics Used in Taxonomy Based on the study of nucleic acid composition and proteins

Answer 34

molecular characteristics

Question 35

Organisms fall into three distinct groups based on type of cell organization and function:

Answer 35

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

Question 36

closely related to eukaryotic cells than to prokaryotic cells; found in microorganisms that grow under extreme environmental conditions

Answer 36

archaebacteria

Question 37

archaebacteria cell walls lack peptidoglycan but they mostly contain a protein or glycoprotein wall structure called:

Answer 37

S-layer

Question 38

types of reproduction by archaebacteria

Answer 38

binary fission, fragmentation, budding

Question 39

examples of archaebacteria produce through binary fission, fragmentation or budding

Answer 39

Methanospirillum, Halobacterium, Sulfolobus

Question 40

→can stain gram-positive and gram-negative →Cellular structure include the cell wall, plasma membrane, ribosomes and flagella →Do not contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Answer 40

Archaea (Archaeobacteria)

Question 41

Diagnostic microbiologists traditionally emphasize placement and naming of bacterial species into three (occasionally four or five) categories:

Answer 41

✓the family ✓a genus ✓a species