Midterm- Week 2 PPT Flashcards
What are infant reflexes?
A reflex is unborn, automatic, involuntary stereotyped response to a particular form of stimuli
Building blocks for complex behavior
Do not last beyond first year
May be inhibited by maturing CNS and integrated into new moves
What is reflexive chaining?
Moro reflex helped a baby who lost support to embrace and with grasp reflex, regain its hold on the mother’s body
Why is the study of infant reflexes important?
Neuromaturational Theory of Dev
Postural reflexes foundation for later voluntary movements
Helpful in diagnosing neurological disorders
What is the Neuromaturational Theory of Development?
Normal motor development in infants
Increasing corticalization of the CNS
Higher level of control over lower reflex centers
When do primitive reflexes occur and repressed?
Occur- gestation or at birth
Repressed- around 6 months
For survival, protection and nutrition
What are postural reflexes related to?
Development of later voluntary movement
What movement is “practice” for future voluntary movements?
Automatic
If the infant reflex is palmar grasp what would be the future voluntary movement?
Grasping
If the infant reflex is stepping what would be the future voluntary movement?
Walking
What type of reactions are in the cortex?
Equilibrium reactions
What type of reactions are in the midbrain?
Righting reactions
What type of reactions are in the brain stem?
Primitive reflexes
What are the 5 things to look at when you’re doing your behavioral observation?
1) level of arousal
2) tolerance of sensory input
3) ability to recover from stress
4) awareness of surroundings
5) age appropriate attention to task
What is the primitive reflex profile?
Quantification of the present or strength of primitive reflexes
3 reflexes:
1) moro
2) asymmetric tonic neck
3) symmetric tonic neck
5 point system
- 0 for absent
- 4 strong it dominates individual
What are the 2 other names for rooting reflex?
Search reflex
Cardinal points reflex
What are the 9 types of primitive reflexes?
1) Moro
2) startle
3) Palmar grasp
4) sucking
5) rooting
6) asymmetric tonic neck (ATNR)
7) symmetric tonic neck (STNR)
8) plantar grasp
9) babinski
What is the Moro reflex?
Arms and legs extend when the baby’s head is suddenly lowered in a supine position or when a surface near the baby is hit
Prenatal to 4-6 months
Lack of reflex-
- CNS or sensorimotor dysfunction
- delay in independent sitting and head control
- hypo responsive or hyper responsive
- factor of SIDS
What is the startle reflex?
Loud noise can cause abduction a protective response to sudden stimulation
2-3 months after moro
Disappears at 1
What is the palmar grasp?
4 fingers (not thumb) close when palm is stimulated
0 to 4-6 months
No grasp:
- indicate neurological problems (hypotonia)
- peripheral, spinal cord involvement or lesion of the brain
Natures to pincer grasp
What is sucking or suck-
Swallow reflex?
Touch of the lips promotes sucking action
0 to 2 1/2 months
No reflex problematic for nutrition
What is rooting?
Head moves toward the side of face that was touched
0 to 3 months
No reflex is
- problematic for nutrition
- May be sign of CNS or sensorimotor dysfunction
What is the asymmetric tonic neck reflex (ATNR)?
When in a prone or supine position head is turned to one side and limbs flex on one side while the other side extends
0 to 4-6 months
Difficult for Hands, feet and eyes to cross midline
Impaired hand eye coordination and bilateral body awareness
May be a factor of SIDS
What else is asymmetric tonic neck reflex (ATNR) called?
Bow and arrow
Fencers position
What is the symmetric tonic neck reflex (STNR)?
Neck is flexed caused arm flexion and extension of legs
Extension of neck causes extension of arms and flexion of legs
4-6 to 8 months- 1 year
Not there
- concerns crawling
- coordination
- impede motor skills and cause spinal flexion deformities
What is a plantar grasp?
Toes curl when bottom of foot is touched
0-9 months
Needs to disappear before the baby stands or walks
What is the babinski reflex?
Stroke the bottom or lateral of the foot and toes fan out
0 to 8 months- 1 year
“Babinski sign” is normal in young infants and may persist during the first year of life
Tests pyramidal tract (ability to perform conscious/ voluntary movement)
What is the galant reflex?
0-2 months
Stroke baby’s back and the baby’s body flexes on the side the baby was stroke
What’s tonic labyrinthe prone and supine reflex?
TLR Prone- infant demonstrates increased flexor tone
TLR Supine- infant demonstrates increased extensor tone
0-6 months
What are the 8 postural reflexes?
1) stepping
2) crawling
3) swimming
4) head and body righting
5) parachuting
6) landau
7) labyrinthine
8) pull up
What is stepping?
Infant upright with feet touching surface and legs lift up and down
After birth to 5-6 months
Essential for walking
Sometimes called walking reflex
What is crawling?
Prone position on surface and legs and arms move in crawling action
Activated when they’re on their abdomen
Birth to 3-4 months
Precursor to creeping
What is head and body righting?
In supine position body turns in either direction then head “rights” itself with body
In supine position turn head in either direction and body “rights” itself with the head
Head: 1-6 months
Body: 5 months - 1 year
Related to voluntary rolling movements
What is parachuting?
Protective movement, arms stick out in direction of fall from upright position
4 months to 1 year
Can be precursor to neurological dev
Related to upright positions
Also called propping reflex
What is the landau reflex or landau reaction?
Superman (prone position in the air)
3-4 mos to 1-2 years
Indicates:
- hypotonia or hypertonia
- motor dev issue
- floppy infant syndrome (abnormal limpness)
What is tonic labyrinthine?
Baby is held upright and tilted one direction the baby tilts his head the opposite direction
2-3 months to 1 year
Related to
- upright posture
- functional mobility
- writing skills
- toe walking
What is pull up?
Baby is sitting or standing, hold your hands, and arms flex or extend to maintain upright position
3 months to 1 year
Related to upright posture
What is a righting response?
Fixing/ holding to resist movement
Not reflexes because they require to process info to decide how to move
What happens with the maturation of cortical connection?
They override the primitive reflexes in the spinal cord and brain stem
Primitive reflexes disappear and righting and equilibrium reactions emerge
What are the 5 righting reactions and the age for each?
1) neck on body- 4-6 mos to 5 years
2) body on body- 4-6 mos to 5 years
3) body on head (prone)- 4-5 months
4) body on head (supine)- 5 to 6 months
5) pull to sit/ flexion reaction- 6 1/2 months
What are the 3 protective reactions and the onset age for each?
1) forward- 6-7 months
2) lateral- 6-11 months
3) backward- 9 months to 1 year
On going for all
What are the 5 equilibrium reactions and the ages for each?
1) prone- 5-6 months
2) supine- 7-8 months
3) sitting- 7-10 months
4) quadruped- 9 months to 1 year
5) standing- 1-2 years
What are equilibrium reactions?
Provide info to realign body around the venter of gravity when head is tilted
What is hypertonicity?
Increased muscle tone
Too stiff to perform movements properly
What is hypotonicity?
Decreased muscle tone
What is athetosis?
Showing signs of both hyper and hypotonicity
What is contralateral control?
How one side of the brain controls the opposite side of the body
