FINAL- Week 3 Part 1 Flashcards
True or false: by the end of the1st year a typical infants height is about 32in more than 50% greater than at birth
True
How many inches is a baby at 2 years?
36in- 75% greater
True or false: 5 months of age birth weight doubled to 10 lbs
False
15 LBS
How many lbs is the baby at 1 year and 2 years old?
1 year- 22 lbs
2 years- 30 lbs
From Latin “head to tail”
During the prenatal period, the head develops more rapidly than the lower part of the body.
Head takes up 1/4
Body takes up 1/3
Cephalocaudal trend
Growth proceeds from center of the body outward- “near to far”
Proximodistal trend
True or false: the brain has 100-200 billion neurons that store and transmit info
True
True or false: programmed cell death occurs to make space for connective structure. 30-70 % neurons die depending on brain region
False
20-80%
Neurons that are seldom stimulated lose their synapses, in a process called ?
Synaptic pruning
What percent of synapses are pruned during childhood and adolescence to reach adulthood level?
40%
What are the 3 parts of neuromaturation?
1) primitive reflex patterns emerge into balance, postural reactions and voluntary movement
2) sequence and rage of motor dev are consistent among infants and children
3) low level skills are prerequisites for certain high level skills
True or false: neurons produced after the prenatal period contributes to the dramatic increase in brain size during the first 3 years
False
First TWO years
What are glial cells responsible for?
Myelination- the coating of neural fibers with a fatty sheath (myelin) that improves the efficiency of message transfer
What is plasticity?
Fusion of organism and environment
Individual dev involves emergence of new structural (cellular) and functional (body systems) components
Child experience produce new neurological connections (new associations) and structural changes (physical growth) and other components
True or false: preschoolers with brain injuries sustained in the first year of life with deficits in language and spatial abilities showed better functional outcomes than brain injured adults
True
Because if part of the cortex is damaged other parts can take over
Between ages 2 and 6 the brain increases from what percentage of its adult weight to what percentage?
70% to 90%
By what age have parts of the cerebral cortex over produced synapses and FMRI evidence reveals cerebral blood flow peaks
4
What ages does this occur in your brain: Energy consumption of most cortical regions diminishes near adult level and cognitive capacities increasingly localize in distinct neural systems
By ages 8-10
Young brains rapidly dev organization, which depends on ordinary experiences- opportunities to explore the environment, interact with people and hear language and sounds
What time of brain dev is this?
Experience- expectant brain growth
Occurs throughout life span. Consists of additional growth and refinement of established brain structures as a result of specific learning experiences that vary widely across individual and culture (reading, writing, computer games, practicing violin)
What time of brain dev is this?
Experience- dependent brain growth
Does rushing early learning harm the brain by overwhelming its neural circuits?
Yes
How many hours are the newborn baby’s round the clock naps?
16-18 hours
How many hours of sleep does a 2 year old need?
12-13 hours
How many naps does a 6-9 mos baby take, 18 mos baby take and a 3-5 year old take?
6-9 mos- 2 daytime naps
18 mos- 1 daytime nap
3-5 years- no naps
How does your heredity influence physical growth?
Diet and health are adequate, height and rate of physical growth are influenced by heredity
When is nutrition the most crucial for development and what percent of caloric intake is devoted for growth?
2 years old most critical
25% of caloric intake
When are language areas especially active?
Late infancy through preschool
Fibers linking the blank to blank grow and myelinate from birth through your preschool years in gains for motor coordination
Cerebellum to cerebral cortex
What structure in the brain stem maintains alertness and consciousness, generates synapses and myelinated throughout childhood into adolescence
Reticular formation
In the reticular formation, where do the fibers get sent?
Prefrontal cortex
What 2 hormones does the pituitary gland release?
1) Growth hormone (GH)
2) thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
What is growth hormone responsible for?
Dev of all body tissues except CNS and genitals
What happens when children lack GH?
Average mature height of 4-4 1/2 feet
Can be treated with injections
What does the thyroid stimulating gland do?
Prompts the thyroid gland to release thyroxine
What is thyroxine?
Necessary for brain dev and for GH to have impact on body size
If lacking children need to receive it at once or they can have intellectual disabilities
Synergies have specific consistent characteristics, such as a sequence of movements and the ratio of joint movements which can be adjusted for a new situation is what?
Adaptive stability
On average, how many inches in height and lbs in weight do children add each year?
2-3 inches
5 lbs
Between 2-6, how many new epiphysis emerge in various parts of the skeleton?
45
What is an epiphysis?
Growth center in which cartilage hardens into bone
When do children start losing their baby teeth?
End of preschool
The left cerebral hemisphere is especially active between what ages?
3-6 years and then levels off
What neural activities indicate rapid growth from early to middle childhood?
Prefrontal cortex devoted to executive function, inhibition of impulses, attention, memory, planning and organized behavior
True or false: Perception informs action, actions provide feedback about movement, performance and consequences
True
Where does affordable fit between?
Child and environment
