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Child Development > FINAL- Week 4 Part 1 > Flashcards

FINAL- Week 4 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are Piagets 4 cognitive dev stages?

A

1) sensorimotor
2) preoperational stage
3) concrete operational stage
4) formal operational stage

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2
Q

True or false:
Piaget did not believe infants and toddlers “think” with their eyes, ears, hands and other sensorimotor methods, they can carry out many activities in their head

A

False

Piaget BELIEVED

They CANNOT carry out activities in their head

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3
Q

True or false:
Piaget’s stages were biological and occurred in same order but environment and culture could change how fast we progress through them

A

True

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4
Q

What is the sensorimotor stage?

A

Birth- 2 years old

Info is gained directly though senses and motor actions

Child perceived and manipulates but does not reason

Symbols become internalized through language dev

Object permeable is acquired

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5
Q

True or false:
Behaviors is controlled through mental organizations called schemas that the individual used to represent the world and designate action

A

True

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6
Q

True or false:

Adaptation is driven by a biological drive to obtain balance b/n schemas and the environment (equilibrium)

A

True

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7
Q

What 2 complementary activities does adaptation consist of?

A

Assimilation

Accommodation

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8
Q

Assimilation or accommodation:

Process using or transferring the environment so that it can be placed in preexisting cognitive structures. Use current schemas to interpret the external world

A

Assimilation

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9
Q

Assimilation or accommodation:

Process of changing cognitive structures in order to accept something from the environment. Create new schemas or adjust old ones after noticing that our current ways of thinking do not capture the environment completely

A

Accommodation

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10
Q

When children are not changing much, they assimilate more than they accommodate- a steady, comfortable state Piaget called what?

A

Cognitive equilibrium

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11
Q

When occupations become increasingly challenging, what stage do children reach?

And what happens when they realize the new info doesn’t match their current schemas?

A

Disequilibrium or cognitive discomfort

Shift from assimilation to accommodation

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12
Q

What are termed structures?

A

When schemas becomes increasingly complexed

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13
Q

What is organization?

A

Process that takes place internally, apart from direct contact with the environment

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14
Q

True or false:

According to Piaget, schemes truly reach equilibrium when they become part of a broad network of structures that can be jointly applied to the surrounding world

A

True

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15
Q

Definition:
Provides a special means of adapting to learned schemas. It involves discovering new experiences cause by the baby’s own motor activity. Reaction is “circular” because infant tried to repeat the event again and again

A

Circular reaction

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18
Q

What are primary circular reactions?

A

Centered around the body- 1-4 mos

Infant starts to gain voluntary control over their actions by respecting chance behaviors motivated by basic needs

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19
Q

What does primary and circular refer to?

A

Primary- self

Circular- to the fact that they do it over and over again

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20
Q

What is the secondary circular reaction?

A

Intentional and goal directed- 4-8 mos

Learn they have an effect on their environment

Babies try to repeat interesting events in the surrounding environment that are caused by their own actions

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21
Q

What does secondary refer to?

A

Environmental influences

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22
Q

What is the coordination of secondary circular reaction?

A

8-12 mos

Understanding cause and effect

Combine schemas into new, more complex action sequences

Child engages in intentional, or goal directed behavior, coordination schemas deliberately to solve simple problems

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23
Q

When does object permanence occur?

A

Occurs as babies gain experience with objects, as their memory abilities improve and as they develop mental representations of the world

24
Q

How many months did infants act as if objects removed from sight ceased to exist?

A

Before 6 mos

25
Q

What is the tertiary circular reaction?

A

12-18 mos

Toddler repeat behaviors with variations

Cause and effect

Exploring the environment makes toddlers better problem solvers

Imitate many more behaviors

Look for hidden toy in several locations

26
Q

What is the mental representation stage?

A

Internal depictions of info that the mind can manipulate- 18mos to 2 years

Mental image to replace steps when misplaced something or to imitate another’s behavior after observing it

Make believe play

27
Q

What are the 2 kinds of mental representation?

A

1) images, mental pics of objects, people and spaces

2) concepts, categories in which similar objects or events are grouped together

28
Q

What is deferred imitation?

A

Ability to remember and copy the behavior of models who are not present

29
Q

What are the 3 parts of the mental system for processing?

A

1) sensory register or encoding
2) short term and long term memory storage
3) retrieval- info located, brought into awareness and used

30
Q

True or false:
Mental processes and strategies cannot be used to manipulate info, increasing the efficiency and flexibility of thinking and the chances that info will be retained

A

False

CAN BE USED

31
Q

Is the process by which info is first stored in the form of usable to memory?

A

Encoding

32
Q

What is the short term memory store?

A

Retain attended to info briefly so we can actively “work” on it to reach our goals

33
Q

What is working memory?

A

of intents that can be briefly held in mind while also engaging in some effort to monitor or manipulate this items

2 to 5 items

34
Q

What is short term memory?

A

How many pieces of info that can be held at once for a few seconds

2 to 7 items

Must concentrate in info here for 30sec or it will be lost

Present conscious cognitive

Can be transferred to long term memory

Recognized info from sensory memory enters consciousness

35
Q

Automatic or effortful processing:

Processing that occurs subconsciously and doesn’t require attention.

Well learned and require no space in working memory and permit us to focus on other info while performing them.

A

Automatic processing

36
Q

Automatic or effortful processing:

Processing that occurs subconsciously and requires attention

Practice is needed

A

Effortful processing

37
Q

Direct the flow of info, implementing the basic procedures and also engaging in more sophisticated activities that enable complex, flexible thinking…?

A

Central executive

38
Q

What is long term memory?

A

Allows storage of info for a long period of time

Info is categorized by content

Store so much here that retrieval can be difficult

39
Q

What is declarative/ explicit memory?

A

Type of long term memory

Knowledge that is available to conscious awareness and can be directly assessed with tests of recall or recognition memory

2 types

1) semantic
2) episodic

40
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

Knowledge of language, rules and concepts

Knowledge that is true for everyone (Ex: president of the US)

41
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

Ability to recall events

Personal life experiences (ex: prom night)

42
Q

What is non declarative/ implicit or procedural memory?

A

Memory responsible for skill learning and retention

No conscious effort to execute motor activities

Ex: riding a bike

Other implicit behaviors have become automatic to certain stimuli

43
Q

Recognition, recall or relearning:

Noticing when a stimulus is identical or similar to one previously experiences

It’s the simplest form of memory

A

Recognition

44
Q

Recognition, recall or relearning:

More challenging because it involves remembering something not present

It’s indicated by the ability to find hidden objects and engage in deferred imitation

A

Recall

45
Q

Recognition, recall, or relearning:

Measure of the amount of time saved when learning the info for a second time

A

Relearning

46
Q

Definition:

Grouping similar objects and events into a single representation- helps infants make sense of experience. It reduces the enormous amount of new info infants encounter so they can learn and remember

A

Categorization

47
Q

Blank refers to a range of tasks to difficult for the child to do along but possible with the help of more skilled partners

A

The zone of proximal (or potential) dev

48
Q

What is the just right challenge?

A

The activity matches the child’s dev skills and interests

49
Q

What are the 5 different tests Bayley-III has?

A

1) cognitive scale
2) language scale
3) motor scale
4) social-emotional scale
5) adaptive behavior scale

50
Q

What is the computing intelligence test score?

A

Computing an IQ, indicates the extent to which the raw score deviates from the typical performance of same aged individuals

96% of people fall b/n 70 and 130

Parental warmth, attention and verbal communication predict better language and IQ scores in toddlerhood

51
Q

What does the HOME (home observation for measurement of the environment) measure?

A

Checklist for gathering info about the quality of children’s home lives through observations and parental interviews

61
Q

What is the reflexive schema?

A

Newborn reflexes- 1 month

Used to adapt to the environment

Suck, grasp and look in much the same way no matter what experience they encounter

62
Q

What are the sensorimotor 6 sub stages?

A

1) reflexive schemas
2) primary circular reactions
3) secondary circular reactions
4) coordination of secondary circular reactions
5) tertiary circular reactions
6) mental representation

Child Development (12 decks)

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