FINAL- Week 4 Part 1 Flashcards
What are Piagets 4 cognitive dev stages?
1) sensorimotor
2) preoperational stage
3) concrete operational stage
4) formal operational stage
True or false:
Piaget did not believe infants and toddlers “think” with their eyes, ears, hands and other sensorimotor methods, they can carry out many activities in their head
False
Piaget BELIEVED
They CANNOT carry out activities in their head
True or false:
Piaget’s stages were biological and occurred in same order but environment and culture could change how fast we progress through them
True
What is the sensorimotor stage?
Birth- 2 years old
Info is gained directly though senses and motor actions
Child perceived and manipulates but does not reason
Symbols become internalized through language dev
Object permeable is acquired
True or false:
Behaviors is controlled through mental organizations called schemas that the individual used to represent the world and designate action
True
True or false:
Adaptation is driven by a biological drive to obtain balance b/n schemas and the environment (equilibrium)
True
What 2 complementary activities does adaptation consist of?
Assimilation
Accommodation
Assimilation or accommodation:
Process using or transferring the environment so that it can be placed in preexisting cognitive structures. Use current schemas to interpret the external world
Assimilation
Assimilation or accommodation:
Process of changing cognitive structures in order to accept something from the environment. Create new schemas or adjust old ones after noticing that our current ways of thinking do not capture the environment completely
Accommodation
When children are not changing much, they assimilate more than they accommodate- a steady, comfortable state Piaget called what?
Cognitive equilibrium
When occupations become increasingly challenging, what stage do children reach?
And what happens when they realize the new info doesn’t match their current schemas?
Disequilibrium or cognitive discomfort
Shift from assimilation to accommodation
What are termed structures?
When schemas becomes increasingly complexed
What is organization?
Process that takes place internally, apart from direct contact with the environment
True or false:
According to Piaget, schemes truly reach equilibrium when they become part of a broad network of structures that can be jointly applied to the surrounding world
True
Definition:
Provides a special means of adapting to learned schemas. It involves discovering new experiences cause by the baby’s own motor activity. Reaction is “circular” because infant tried to repeat the event again and again
Circular reaction
What are primary circular reactions?
Centered around the body- 1-4 mos
Infant starts to gain voluntary control over their actions by respecting chance behaviors motivated by basic needs
What does primary and circular refer to?
Primary- self
Circular- to the fact that they do it over and over again
What is the secondary circular reaction?
Intentional and goal directed- 4-8 mos
Learn they have an effect on their environment
Babies try to repeat interesting events in the surrounding environment that are caused by their own actions
What does secondary refer to?
Environmental influences
What is the coordination of secondary circular reaction?
8-12 mos
Understanding cause and effect
Combine schemas into new, more complex action sequences
Child engages in intentional, or goal directed behavior, coordination schemas deliberately to solve simple problems
When does object permanence occur?
Occurs as babies gain experience with objects, as their memory abilities improve and as they develop mental representations of the world
How many months did infants act as if objects removed from sight ceased to exist?
Before 6 mos
What is the tertiary circular reaction?
12-18 mos
Toddler repeat behaviors with variations
Cause and effect
Exploring the environment makes toddlers better problem solvers
Imitate many more behaviors
Look for hidden toy in several locations
What is the mental representation stage?
Internal depictions of info that the mind can manipulate- 18mos to 2 years
Mental image to replace steps when misplaced something or to imitate another’s behavior after observing it
Make believe play
What are the 2 kinds of mental representation?
1) images, mental pics of objects, people and spaces
2) concepts, categories in which similar objects or events are grouped together
What is deferred imitation?
Ability to remember and copy the behavior of models who are not present
What are the 3 parts of the mental system for processing?
1) sensory register or encoding
2) short term and long term memory storage
3) retrieval- info located, brought into awareness and used
True or false:
Mental processes and strategies cannot be used to manipulate info, increasing the efficiency and flexibility of thinking and the chances that info will be retained
False
CAN BE USED
Is the process by which info is first stored in the form of usable to memory?
Encoding
What is the short term memory store?
Retain attended to info briefly so we can actively “work” on it to reach our goals
What is working memory?
of intents that can be briefly held in mind while also engaging in some effort to monitor or manipulate this items
2 to 5 items
What is short term memory?
How many pieces of info that can be held at once for a few seconds
2 to 7 items
Must concentrate in info here for 30sec or it will be lost
Present conscious cognitive
Can be transferred to long term memory
Recognized info from sensory memory enters consciousness
Automatic or effortful processing:
Processing that occurs subconsciously and doesn’t require attention.
Well learned and require no space in working memory and permit us to focus on other info while performing them.
Automatic processing
Automatic or effortful processing:
Processing that occurs subconsciously and requires attention
Practice is needed
Effortful processing
Direct the flow of info, implementing the basic procedures and also engaging in more sophisticated activities that enable complex, flexible thinking…?
Central executive
What is long term memory?
Allows storage of info for a long period of time
Info is categorized by content
Store so much here that retrieval can be difficult
What is declarative/ explicit memory?
Type of long term memory
Knowledge that is available to conscious awareness and can be directly assessed with tests of recall or recognition memory
2 types
1) semantic
2) episodic
What is semantic memory?
Knowledge of language, rules and concepts
Knowledge that is true for everyone (Ex: president of the US)
What is episodic memory?
Ability to recall events
Personal life experiences (ex: prom night)
What is non declarative/ implicit or procedural memory?
Memory responsible for skill learning and retention
No conscious effort to execute motor activities
Ex: riding a bike
Other implicit behaviors have become automatic to certain stimuli
Recognition, recall or relearning:
Noticing when a stimulus is identical or similar to one previously experiences
It’s the simplest form of memory
Recognition
Recognition, recall or relearning:
More challenging because it involves remembering something not present
It’s indicated by the ability to find hidden objects and engage in deferred imitation
Recall
Recognition, recall, or relearning:
Measure of the amount of time saved when learning the info for a second time
Relearning
Definition:
Grouping similar objects and events into a single representation- helps infants make sense of experience. It reduces the enormous amount of new info infants encounter so they can learn and remember
Categorization
Blank refers to a range of tasks to difficult for the child to do along but possible with the help of more skilled partners
The zone of proximal (or potential) dev
What is the just right challenge?
The activity matches the child’s dev skills and interests
What are the 5 different tests Bayley-III has?
1) cognitive scale
2) language scale
3) motor scale
4) social-emotional scale
5) adaptive behavior scale
What is the computing intelligence test score?
Computing an IQ, indicates the extent to which the raw score deviates from the typical performance of same aged individuals
96% of people fall b/n 70 and 130
Parental warmth, attention and verbal communication predict better language and IQ scores in toddlerhood
What does the HOME (home observation for measurement of the environment) measure?
Checklist for gathering info about the quality of children’s home lives through observations and parental interviews
What is the reflexive schema?
Newborn reflexes- 1 month
Used to adapt to the environment
Suck, grasp and look in much the same way no matter what experience they encounter
What are the sensorimotor 6 sub stages?
1) reflexive schemas
2) primary circular reactions
3) secondary circular reactions
4) coordination of secondary circular reactions
5) tertiary circular reactions
6) mental representation
