Midterm- Week 1- PPT 2 Part 2

Question 1

What is shaping?

Answer 1

Successively or gradually reinforce behaviors that will approximate the targeted behavior

Identify the target behavior

Question 2

Why do OTs use shaping?

Answer 2

Increase or refine performance through the process

Break down components and refine each component of the behavior individually and systemically into child’s play

Question 3

What are the components of shaping?

Answer 3

1) defines behavior as a series of incremental steps
2) prompts and cues the child to demonstrate the steps
3) rewards each successive approximation of the skill
4) implemented during a child’s play and natural interactions

Question 4

What are social cognitive theories?

Answer 4

People determine their own learning by seeking certain experiences and focusing on their own goals

Expectations of future consequences and responses based on current situations

Expectations about future consequences affect how we cognitively process new info

Vicarious experiences of others consequences

Expectations affect decisions about not to behave

No occurrence of expected consequences have effects

Question 5

What did Bandura believe about social cognition?

Answer 5

Human beings have specific abilities and only reciprocal determinism can explain their operation and interaction

• model and imitate
• self reflect
• regulate own behavior

Children learn by observing how their peers behaviors are rewarded or punished

Question 6

What is the 4 step pattern bandura hypothesized that combined a cognitive and operant view of learning?

Answer 6

1) attention- notices something in the environment
2) retention- remembers what was noticed
3) reproduction- produce an action that is a copy of what was noticed
4) motivation- consequence changes the probability the behavior will be emitted again

Question 7

What is self efficacy?

Answer 7

Self constructed judgement about the ability to execute behaviors/ reach goals

Question 8

What is the principle of self cognition learning?

Answer 8

People tend to engage in activities based on their sense of competence and/ or past success

Increased probability of choosing specific future behaviors

Question 9

What are the 4 ways socks cognitive learning affects behavior in condition?

Answer 9

1) activity choice
2) goal setting
3) effort and persistence
4) learning and achievement

Question 10

What are the 5 features of self regulation and behavior?

Answer 10

1) self determined goals and standards- before response
2) self instruction- during response
3) self monitoring- during response
4) self evaluation- after response
5) self imposed contingencies- after response

Question 11

What is cognitive rehabilitation?

Answer 11

Client centered, performance based, problem solving approach that enables skill acquisition through a process of strategy use and guided discovery

Assist in exploration of new strategies

Question 12

What is the 3 phase that revolve around the mnemonic device “goal-plan-do-check”

Answer 12

Goal- preparation

Plan/ do- acquisition phase

Check- verification phase

Question 13

What is a cognitive model?

Answer 13

Focuses on occupation the child wished to perform

Use a general problem solving framework that guides the child to discover, select, apply and evaluate the use of cognitive strategies

Use process questions to increase the child’s awareness of the use of strategies during performance of a task

Plan for transfer or generalization of strategies learned

Question 14

What is a coping model?

Answer 14

Consistent with PEO model

Utilization of resources that enables success

Human supports are provided to facilitate performance

Environmental support that provide access, inclusion, equity and safety

Question 15

What is the early start Denver model (ESDM)?

Answer 15

Based on principles of pivotal response, training and development, relationship based intervention

Draws on science of learning principles that cue the child’s attention to our faces, voices and actions

Studies demonstrate improvements in symbolic play and social communication

Question 16

How does the early start Denver model help OTs?

Answer 16

1) helps the child modulate arousal, affect, and attention
2) uses positive affect
3) models and encourages turn taking and didactic engagement
4) responds sensitively and immediately to the child’s communication gestures
5) creates multiple and varied communication opportunities
6) scaffolds the child’s skill practice and elaboration of new skills
7) uses developmentally appropriate language and communication
8) supports child’s transitions

Question 17

What are peer mediated approaches?

Answer 17

Peer training. For modeling appropriate behaviors

Encourages peer to peer interactions

Creates a peer medicated program for children with add who have difficulty developing relationships and getting along with peers because of hyperactivity

Question 18

What are the 6 peer mediated approaches?

Answer 18

1) teach for success- positive feedback and teach mastery
2) promote pro activity- promotes self talk
3) recognize sensory needs
4) teach self management
5) model target behaviors and attributes
6) focus on motivation

Question 19

What is sensorimotor performance?

Answer 19

Dynamic system theory

Behaviors emerge from the interaction of many systems

Behavior is emergent and self organizing

During unstable periods, new types of behaviors may emerge either gradually or abruptly (phase shifts)

Question 20

What are unstable periods?

Answer 20

Characterized by a high variability of performance

Question 21

What are phase shifts in sensorimotor performance?

Answer 21

Developmental changes from one preferred patterns of coordinated behavior to another

A gradual phase occurs when an infant decreases automatic stepping 2-4 months

Abrupt phase change- walking to running

Question 22

Periods of change are?

Answer 22

Transitions

Question 23

What are dynamic systems?

Answer 23

Stability is superimposed on mobility

Variability in motor performance produces different movement patterns

Exploration facilitated adaptation

Interventions mush be contextual- functional, task oriented, activity focused and top down

Question 24

What is the dynamic system theory and practice?

Answer 24

Assessment and intervention must recognize the complexity of the task

Interaction of PEO

intervention focuses on identification and change of child, task or environment

Environments must support performance, practice, variability

Motivate and engage

Accomplishment of complete occupations

Question 25

What is motor learning?

Answer 25

Occupation based

Motor solution that emerges out of experience with the person, task and environment

Question 26

What is acquisition of skills involved in?

Answer 26

Movement and balance

Question 27

What are the characteristics of a task?

Answer 27

Simple- decision followed by a sequenced response

Complex- integration of info from a variety of resources and the application of the underline rules

Question 28

What is open and closed loop?

Answer 28

Open loop- motor program is put into place before the action begins and is not modified during the performance of a task

Closed loop- child continues to monitor and respond to feedback that here intrinsically receives from the body and extrinsically receives environment

Question 29

What is the environment changing and environment stationary?

Answer 29

Changeable and variable- child learns to monitor and adapt

Stationary- no change

Question 30

What is a task characteristics?

Answer 30

Ease of learning is dependent on the presentation of the task and the preferred learning style

Question 31

Intrinsic feedback is?

Answer 31

Sensory

Question 32

Extrinsic feedback is?

Answer 32

Knowledge of realists and performance

Question 33

Constant feedback is?

Answer 33

Reduce or intermittent

Question 34

What is the biomechanical approach?

Answer 34

Joint actions and segment motions

Muscular engagement and form

Anatomic principles related to effective and safe performance

Nature of forced causing or impeding motion

Prescriptions for improvement of performance shows the performance should be changed so principles aren’t violated

Question 35

What are the 6 elements of movement?

Answer 35

1) Quality- rhythm, timing, smoothness
2) balance- regain stability or attain mobility
3) locomotion- prescribed distance and pattern
4) projection- max height, distance, accuracy
5) manipulation- objects, reproduced pattern, resistance
6) maximum effort- force, velocity, power

Question 36

What is the neurodevelopmental theory?

Answer 36

Impaired pattens of postural control and movement coordination lead to functional limitations

Impairments are changeable and overall function improves when the neuromuscular and postural control abnormalities are addressed

Sensorimotor impairments affect the whole individual

Question 37

What is the impact if sensory integration theory?

Answer 37

SI is one is the most utilized frames of reference in pediatric OT

relevant for PT, speed and language therapy

Applications common in other educational and health related fields

Parents experience profound benefits from understanding SI concepts

Question 38

What are some guidelines of SI?

Answer 38

Essential, humans depend upon sensation to experience the world, achieve comfort and learn skills

Early in life, touch, movement and gravity provide info about ones body and it’s relationship to the environment

Early experienced lay the groundwork for complex sensory perceptions

Fun and success motivates children to join others

Children show greatest gains are intrinsically motivated

Question 39

What are coaching and consultation models?

Answer 39

Coaching is voluntary based on collaborative relationship

Involves small steps toward positive changes

OT creates opportunities for ten learner to master new competencies, provide support and encouragement

OT and parents analyze situations na a problem solve together and reflect on the outcome strategy