Midterm- Week 2 PPT 2 Flashcards
What 5 components influence the child’s ability to use their hands effectively?
- cognition
- motivation/ attention to task/ focus
- sensorimotor control
- sensory perception
- muscles/ posture
What are the 4 precursors to fine motor development?
1) postural control
2) touch perception
3) hand muscle and finger development
4) bilateral coordination
What is postural control?
Head, trunk and shoulder girdle stability great a secure base for performance
What is touch perception?
Poor tactile perception may result in clumsy inconsistent performance
What is hand muscle and finger muscle dev?
Hand and finger muscles must be strong and work together- fine motor dexterity
What is bilateral coordination?
Ability to use both sides of the body together
What are the 3 stages of motor learning for grasp?
1) exploratory- 3-5 months
2) perceptual learning/ transitional stage- 6-12 months
3) skill achievement/ adaptability and flexibility- 12-24 months
What is the exploratory stage for grasp?
Infants squeeze object without using their thumb
Can not move or manipulate objects in hand
What is the perceptual learning/ transitional stage for grasp?
Radial Palmer and radial digital grasping starts to engage
Infant starts to use thumbs to grasp objects
Infant cannot move object within hand but can move object hand to hand and explore with mouth
What is the skill achievement/ adaptability and flexibility stage for grasp?
Infant demonstrates pincer grasp (12 months)
Precision release (18 months)
Grasp is dynamic, allowing tool use (2 years)
What are the 3 stages of motor learning for reach?
1) exploratory- 1-3 months
2) perceptual learning/ transitional stage- 3-6 months
3) skill achievement/ adaptability and flexibility- 6-9 months
What is the exploratory stage for reach?
Swipes at objects
Reach is inaccurate
Infant cannot combine reach and grasp
What is the perceptual learning/ transitional stage for reach?
More accurate and direct
Reaches into midline
Combines reach and grasp with both hands by 6 months
What is the skill achievement/ adaptability and flexibility stage for reach?
Reaches with one or 2 hands
Accurate and direct reach
Can change direction of reach midstream
Can reach in all directions by 8-9 months
Reach is smooth and efficient
Easily combines reach and grasp and can carry objects in space
What are pre writing dev for a child 1-2 years old?
Scribbling
Imitating vertical and horizontal lines and circular scribbles
What are pre writing dev for a child 2-3 years old?
Imitating cross
Copying vertical line, horizontal line and circle
What are pre writing dev for a child 3-4 years old?
Drawing a circle without a model
What are pre writing dev for a child 4-5 years old?
Imitating a square
Copying cross, square, right and left diagonal lines, X shape, some letters and numbers
May be able to write own name
Drawing a recognizable face with eyes, nose and mouth
Drawing a stick figure with 2-4 body parts
Coloring under a circle
What are pre writing dev for a child 5-6 years old?
Copying triangle
Printing own name
Copying most capital and lowercase letters
Drawing a person with at least 6 body parts
What is a reflexive grasp?
Newborn to 2 months
Hand closes on objects placed into palm
Arms move asymmetrically
Unable to voluntarily release
What is a voluntary grasp?
2-3 months- Indwelling thumbs disappear
Reaches to toy without grasp
Hands at midline
What is a crude Palmer grasp?
4 months
Thumb is not active
Thumb comes out of palm
Toy is held with palmar grasp
What is the ulnar palmar grasp?
5 months
Adjust hand to object using vision and touch
Toy in ulnar side of hand with forearm pronated and wrist neutral
What is the raking grasp?
6 months
Using whole hand to grasp small objects
Hold bottle independently
Finder extension
Thumb opposition
What is the radial Palmer grasp?
7 months
Toy in palm with thumb adducted
Reaches for and transfers objects
Bangs objects and transfers object
What is the developmental scissors grasp?
8 months
Crawling and weight bearing with shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand
Objects held with thumb and lateral index finger
What is the inferior pincer grasp?
9 months
Partial supination
Can hold a spoon
Wrists extended
Both hands equal
Voluntary release
Objects held distal- radial side of index finger and thumb
What is the gross grasp on crayon?
10-12 months
Holds crayon with whole hand
Takes objects out of container
Puts object in open hand
Tool use
Pokes with index finger
Spoon to mouth
What is the superior pincer grasp?
10-12 mos
Thumb to index finger tip
What is the fine pincer grasp?
12-14 months
Controlled arm movements
Grasping and releasing object
Don’t need hands for movements
Fingertips to fingertip of index finger and thumb
What happens between 14-17 months?
Understand objects purpose
Use one hands for stabilization and the other for manipulation
What is the forearm neutral palmar grasp?
18 months
Uses fingertip grasp
Thumb opposition is good
Differentiate the two side of the hand
Marker held in palmar grasp with neutral forearm
What happens between 19-24 months?
Hand preference established
What is the digital pronated grasp?
2-3 years
Increasing control to release small objects into small hole
Holds marker in tips of fingers and forearm pronated
In hand manipulation
What is the static tripod grasp and spherical grasp?
3-4 years
Can unbottom and unzip
Draws and cute simple shapes with scissors
Marker in static position with thumb, index and long finger
Spherical grasp- opening a jar lid
Draws and cute simple shapes with scissors
Feeds self neatly with utensils
What is the dynamic tripod grasp?
4-5 years
Hand dominance established for skilled activities
Marker in dynamic three finger/ thumb manner with wrist extended
When is the overall grasp patterns established?
5 years and older
Finger movement and reactions faster
What happens between 10-16 years old?
Hand eye coordination refined
Master complex skills
What are the mature pencil grasp?
Dynamic tripod- pointer, thumb and middle finger
dynamic quadrupod grasp- pointer, middle finger, thumb and ring finger
Pencil sits on the skin between pointer and thumb area
What is the most efficient and least fatiguing grasp?
Lateral tripod- pointer, thumb and middle finger
lateral quadrupod grasp- pointer, middle finger, thumb and middle finger
Pencil sits on the side of pointer finger
What are 2 other pencil holds that provide extra stability and control?
Adaptive/ alternative pencil holds
What are 3 immature grasp patterns?
Static tripod grasp
Interdigital grasp
Lateral thumb wrapped grasp
