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human anatomy > Midterm Three > Flashcards

Midterm Three Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the vertebral column

A

-support and upright body postition
-weight of the head
-houses/protects spinal cord and spinal nerves

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2
Q

Adult vertebral column contains __ vertebrae

A

26

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3
Q

How many cervical vertebrae

A

7

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4
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae

A

12

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5
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae

A

5

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6
Q

Function of curvatures

A

-inc strength
-shock absorber

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7
Q

Which vertebrae are immovable

A

Sacral and coggyeal

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8
Q

Cartilage of interverbreal discs

A

Fibrocartilege

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9
Q

Transverse process

A

Attachment site for ribs

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10
Q

Intervertebral foremen

A

Houses spinal nerves

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11
Q

Lamina

A

Superstates 3 processes

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12
Q

Pedicle

A

Gliding surface onto other spinal bones
-puzzle piece

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13
Q

Vertebral foremen

A

Opening
-where the spinal cord is

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14
Q

Body

A

Absorbs body weight

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15
Q

Difference between atlas and axis

A

Atlas- no body, contact with medulla, slightly larger, associated with head nod YES
Axis- smaller, has dens and spinous process, associate with head shake NO

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16
Q

Superior articular facets

A

Forms atlanto-occipital joint

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17
Q

_____ processes arise from the vertebral arch

A

Seven

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18
Q

Dens

A

2nd vertebra fits into first
Injury will affect medulla/physical trauma

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19
Q

Third to seventh vertebrae differences

A

-similar to thoracic
-most in common with each other

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20
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

-large and strong
-costal facets
-bodies articulate with the head of ribs

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21
Q

Which thoracic vertebrae do not articulate with the head of ribs

A

T11 and T12

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22
Q

Costal facets

A

Articulate the tubercles of ribs

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23
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A

-largest and strongest (carry more body weight)
-no costal articular facets or transverse foramen
-intervertebral disc massive

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24
Q

Sternocleidomastoid O and I

A

O: manubrium of sternum and clavicle
I: mastoid process of temporal bone and nuchal line of occipital bone

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25
Q

Sternocleidomastoid function

A

Flexes cervical portion and head at Atlanta-axial joint

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26
Q

scalene muscles O and I

A

O: transverse process of ribs 2-7
I: first and second ribs

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27
Q

Scalene muscles function

A

Elevate the ribs

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28
Q

Anterior group of muscles (of neck, that move the head)

A

-sternocleidomastoid
-scalene muscles

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29
Q

Direction of blood flow to circle of willis

A
  1. Arch of aorta
  2. Subclavian
  3. Vertebral
  4. Basilar
  5. Cerebral arteries (posterior, anterior and middle)
  6. Circle of willis
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30
Q

Circle of Willis supplies blood to

A

The pituitary gland

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31
Q

Function of the thorax (rib cage)

A

-Protects: heart, lungs, trachea
-supports for upper limb
-breathing

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32
Q

Xiphoid process

A

Attachment for abdominal muscles

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33
Q

Body of ribs

A

Attachment for 12 ribs

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34
Q

Manubrium

A

Clavicle and rib attachment
-as well as some muscles

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35
Q

How many bones in the thoracic cage

A

25

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36
Q

Floating ribs

A

11-12

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37
Q

Which of the three articulate with the costal cartilages of ribs
-manubrium
-body
-xiphoid process

A

Manubrium and body

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38
Q

True ribs

A

1-7
-direct attachment to the sternum

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39
Q

False ribs

A

8-10
Indirect attachment to the sternum

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40
Q

How many false ribs are there

A

5 ribs
-ten altogether (two slides)

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41
Q

Where do the false ribs attach

A

Attach to rib 7

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42
Q

Floating ribs

A

11-12
No attachment to sternum at all

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43
Q

How many true ribs

A

There are seven

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44
Q

How many false ribs

A

5

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45
Q

How many false ribs that are not floating ribs

A

3

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46
Q

How many Floating ribs

A

2

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47
Q

Muscles of inspiration

A

-diaphragm
-external intercostal

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48
Q

Muscles of expiration

A

-diaphragm
-internal intercostal muscle

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49
Q

Accessory muscles of breathing
Forced exhalation:

A

-internal intercostals
-abdominal muscles
-transversus thoracic
-serratus posterior inferior

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50
Q

Accessory muscles of breathing
Forced inhalation:

A

-sternocleidomastoid
-scalenes
-pectoralis minor
-serratus posterior superior
-erector spinae

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51
Q

Where are the cervical plexus located

A

C1-c4
-Anterior rami

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52
Q

Phrenic nerve

A

Travels through thoracic cavity to innervate the diaphragm

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53
Q

Segmental branch

A

Deep muscles of neck
-levator scapulae
-scalene muscles

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54
Q

Cervical plexus superior roots

A

-infrahyoid
-geniohyoid

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55
Q

Cervical plexus inferior roots

A

Infrahyoid muscle

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56
Q

Receptor for olfaction

A

Olfactory

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57
Q

Receptor for gustation

A

Gustatory

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58
Q

Receptor for vision

A

Photoreceptor

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59
Q

Receptor for hearing

A

Inner hair cell

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60
Q

Stimuli’s is the

A

Activation of receptors

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61
Q

General senses

A

Temperature, pain, touch, stretch and pressure

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62
Q

Special senses

A

Gustation, olfaction, vision, equilibrium and hearing

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63
Q

Olfactory receptor cells

A

Detect odour

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64
Q

Supporting cells

A

-SUSTAIN RECEPTOR CELLS
Support
-nourishment
-insulation to receptor cells
-odour binding proteins

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65
Q

Basal cells

A

Replace worn out olfactory receptor cells

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66
Q

Bowman’s glands

A

Mucous producing glands that moisten the epithelial surface
-dissolve the odorant molecules

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67
Q

Olfactory gland

A

Contains immune mucus

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68
Q

What lobe does olfaction stimuli’s go to

A

Temporal lobe

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69
Q

Sweet taste

A

Sugars

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70
Q

Salty taste

A

Na+ and Cl-

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71
Q

Sour taste

A

Acids (H+)

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72
Q

Bitter taste

A

Alkaloids

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73
Q

Umami taste

A

Amino acids

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74
Q

Taste buds are found in

A

Papillae

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75
Q

Papillae

A

Elevations on the tongue

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76
Q

Filiform papillae

A

-tatctile receptors
-no taste buds
Not involved in food taste

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77
Q

Fungiform papillae

A

5 taste buds
-over entire surface of tongue

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78
Q

Vallate papillae

A

100-300 taste buds
-V shape row at back of tongue

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79
Q

Foliate papillae

A

Lateral margins of tongue
-degenerate in early childhood

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80
Q

Most involved taste buds

A

Vallate papilla

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81
Q

Where does taste stimuli get sent

A

Insula

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82
Q

Gustatory pathway cranial nerves

A

CN VII facial n
CN IX glossopharyngeal
CN x vagus

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83
Q

Olfactory pathway cranial nerves

A

CN I olfactory nerve

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84
Q

Palpebrae

A

Eyelids

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85
Q

Levator palpebrae

A

Muscle - provides a weak twitch

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86
Q

Palpebral fissure

A

Space between eyelids

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87
Q

Lacrimal caruncle

A

Contains sebaceous and sudoriferous glands

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88
Q

Tarsal plate

A

Support the eyelids

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89
Q

Tarsal glands

A

Located in the tarsal plate

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90
Q

Chalazion

A

Tumour or cyst in tarsal glands

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91
Q

Conjunctiva

A

Lining over the anterior surface of the eye

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92
Q

Palpebral conjunctiva

A

Thin protective mucous membrane

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93
Q

Tarsal glands

A

Sebaceous glands within eyelids
-prevents overflow of tears and sticking together of eyelids

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94
Q

Palpebral commissaries

A

Corners of the eyes

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95
Q

Lacrimal caruncle

A

Pink bump containing ciliary glands that produce gritty secretion

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96
Q

The superior eyelid is ….

A

More mobile
-protivetive

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97
Q

Choroid

A

Vascular, contains melanocytes

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98
Q

Sclera

A

Support, protection, maintains shape of the eye, and site of muscle attachment

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99
Q

Cornea

A

Avascular collagenous tissue

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100
Q

Retina

A

Inner most
-only structure responsible for converting light into rods and cones

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101
Q

Ciliary body/process

A

Melanocytes, aqueous humor

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102
Q

Iris

A

Coloured portion of the eyebal
-two smooth muscles

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103
Q

Pupil

A

Opening in the iris
-regulates light entrance

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104
Q

Fibrous tunic

A

Outer layer

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105
Q

Macula lutea

A

Contains the fovea centralis

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106
Q

Fovea centralis

A

Highly concentrated site of cones
-very sharp image

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107
Q

Optic disc

A

-blood vessels and nerves
Blind spot due to no rods or cones

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108
Q

Order of the three layers of inner layer (out to in)

A

-sclera
-choroid
-retina

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109
Q

Vascular tunic

A

Middle layer

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110
Q

Anterior chamber

A

Between iris and cornea
-filled with aqueous humor

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111
Q

Posterior chamber

A

Found between lens and iris
-vitreous humor

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112
Q

Pigmented layer of the retina

A

Melanin in the pigmented layer helps to absorb stray light rays

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113
Q

Neural/sensory layer in the retina

A

Photoreceptor, bipolar, ganglion cell layer

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114
Q

Cells present in bipolar cell layer

A

-horizontal cells
-amacrine cells

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115
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Rods, cones

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116
Q

Photoreceptor cells

A

Outermost layer, composed of rods and cones

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117
Q

Bipolar cells

A

Synapse with photoreceptors and ganglion cells

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118
Q

Ganglion cells

A

Innermost layer of retina
-these cells leave retina and form optic nerve

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119
Q

Rod

A

Black/night vision
-fine vision
100m

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120
Q

Cones

A

Colour vision
10m

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121
Q

Pigmented layer

A

Light rays and photoreceptors

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122
Q

Optic disc

A

Blind spot
-lacking photoreceptors

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123
Q

Fovea central is

A

Depression in the retina containing the highest proportion of cones and almost no rods
-sharpest vision

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124
Q

Fovea central is is located

A

Within macula lutea

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125
Q

Visual pathway leads to

A

Occipital lobe
-primary visual cortex

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126
Q

External ear

A

Collects sound waves

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127
Q

Middle ear

A

Transmit sound waves to oval window

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128
Q

Internal ear

A

Receptors for hearing and equilibrium

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129
Q

Auricle/pinna

A

Protects the entry into the ear and directs sound waves

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130
Q

Ceruminous glands

A

Produce wavelike secretion of cerulean
-reduces infection

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131
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

Vibrates when sound waves hit it
-vibrations provide means for transmission of sounds wave energy

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132
Q

Auditory ossicles

A

Malleus, incus and stapes

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133
Q

Transmitting sound enters into the inner ear via

A

Oval window

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134
Q

Round window

A

Separates the middle ear from inner ear

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135
Q

Auditory tube

A

Open connection with the atmosphere

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136
Q

Tympanic cavity of the middle ear housing

A

the three smallest bones of the body

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137
Q

Membranous labyrinth

A

Within the body labyrinth
-consists of fluid filled tubes and spaces

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138
Q

Perilymph

A

Fluid within osseous labyrinth, surrounding and protecting membranous labyrinth
-extracellular fluid

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139
Q

Endolymph

A

Fluid within membranous labyrinth of the inner ear
-intracellular fluid

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140
Q

Semicircular canals

A

Each contain a membranous labyrinth structure called semicircular duct

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141
Q

Vestibule

A

Contains two saclike membranous labyrinth structures
-utricle
-saccule

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142
Q

Cochlea

A

Houses membranous labyrinth structure called choclear duct

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143
Q

Bony labyrinth is

A

Temporal bone

144
Q

Utricle and saccule

A

Detect head position during static equilibrium

145
Q

Cochlear duct

A

Housed within cochlear

146
Q

Organ of corti

A

Sensory structure for hearing
-sensory epithelium with hair cells and supporting cells

147
Q

Inner hair cells

A

Sensory receptors
Turning sound into Action Potential

148
Q

Basilar membrane

A

Floor of the cochlear duct

149
Q

Auditory pathway

A

Vestibulochoclear nerve to temporal lobe

150
Q

Static/linear equilibrium

A

-utricle and saccule
Maintain position of the body relative to the force of gravity
-maculae

151
Q

Maculae

A

Detects both orientation of head when body is stationary and linear acceleration

152
Q

Dynamic/rotational equilibrium

A

-semicircular canal
Maintains the body position in relation to sudden movements
-crista

153
Q

crista ampullaris

A

Rotation of head causes endolymph to push against the hair cells
-bending of stereocilia initates a nerve impulse

154
Q

Vestibular apparatus includes

A

-saccule
-utricle
-semicricular ducts

155
Q

Macula

A

Sense organs of utricle and saccule

156
Q

Hair cells

A

Sensory receptors that detect static or linear equilibrium
-surface of macula
-sensory receptor

157
Q

Otoliths

A

Small calcium carbonate crystals within the macula structure

158
Q

Kinocilium

A

If bent of displaced, changes the amount and rate of neurotransmitter release form the hair cell
-larger stereocillia

159
Q

Stereocilia

A

Found on apical surface, part of hair cells, numerous micro ville

160
Q

Hair cells bending

A

Produces AP

161
Q

Crista

A

-detects equilibrium

162
Q

Semicircular ducts

A

Detect dynamic/rotational equilibrium

163
Q

Equilibrium pathways

A

Vesicular area in cerebral cortex

164
Q

Principal functions of the respirator system

A

-gas transport and exchange
-protection (gas conditioning, filtering)
-produces sounds
-olfaction
-defense
-elimates small amount of water and heat

165
Q

Otorhinolaryngology

A

Ear, nose and throat

166
Q

Pulmonologist

A

Diagnosis and treatment of lung disease

167
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

-frontal
-ethmoidal
-sphenoidal
-maxillary

168
Q

Frontal sinus

A
169
Q

nasal cavity

A
170
Q

Pharynx

A

The throat, common pathway for inhaled and exhaled air, ingested food

171
Q

Larynx

A

Voice box
-prevents ingested materials entering the trachea and bronchi
-sound for speech
-pressure in abdominal cavity
-sneeze and couch reflex

172
Q

Trachea

A

Connnects larynx to main bronchi
-conducts air, participates in couch reflex
-hyaline cartilage
-found after larynx to T5

173
Q

Bronchi

A

Largest airway
-conducts air

174
Q

Bronchioles

A

Smaller conducting airway
-smooth muscle
-conducts air

175
Q

Pleura

A

Serous membranes enveloping the lungs and lining the walls of the pleural cavity

176
Q

Diaphragm

A
177
Q

Conducting zone consists of

A

-trachea
-main bronchi
-lobar and segmental bronchi
-bronchioles
-terminal bronchioles

178
Q

Purpose of conducting zone

A

Filter, warm, moisten and conduct air

179
Q

Respiratory zone

A

-respiratory bronchioles
-alveolar ducts
-alveolar sacs
-alveoli

180
Q

Purpose of respiratory zone

A

Gas exchange between air and blood

181
Q

External nose

A

Skin and muscle- covered portion of nose

182
Q

7 cartilages of the nose

A

-septal (unpaired)
-lateral (paired)
-alar (paired) (minor)

183
Q

Nasal cavity

A

-Filters air
-protective immune system

184
Q

Two regions of nasal cavity

A

Respiratory (cleaning and filtering)
Olfactory (sensing smell)

185
Q

Dehydration in the nasal cavity

A

Mucous membrane breaks, nose bleeding

186
Q

Concha

A

Increase surface area

187
Q

Nostril

A

Passage of air

188
Q

Olfactory epithelium

A

Olfactory receptors

189
Q

Meatus

A

Air conditioning
-increased surface area

190
Q

Chonanae

A

Separates nasal cavity and throat

191
Q

Conchae

A

Bonds projections from lateral wall of nasal cavity

192
Q

Meatuses

A

-Air passages between conchae
-lined by mucous membrane
Swirl and moisten inhaled air

193
Q

Goblet cells

A

Produce mucous that moistens the air and traps dust particles

194
Q

Cilia

A

Move the mucus and trapped dust particles toward the pharynx

195
Q

Paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal duct

A

Secretions help moisten the air

196
Q

Three functions of the internal structures of the nose

A

-warming, moistening and filtering inhaled air
-detecting olfactory stimuli
-modifying speech as air passes through

197
Q

Pharynx

A

Passageway for air, liquid and food
-resonating chamber for speech
-houses tonsils

198
Q

Three regions of pharynx

A

-nasopharynx
-oropharynx
-laryngopharynx

199
Q

Nasopharynx

A

During swallowing, self palate and uvula elevates to block the nasal cavity to prevent air entry into food

200
Q

Five openings of nasopharynx

A

-two internal nares
-two openings leading to Eustachian tubes
-single opening into oropharynx

201
Q

Uvula

A

Elevates-block nasal during digestion

202
Q

Paired auditory tubes

A

Connect the nasopharynx to tympanic cavity

203
Q

Pharyngeal tonsil

A

Houses a lot of immune cells

204
Q

Oropharynx

A

Digestive and respiratory functions
-allow the passage of food,, fluid and air

205
Q

Palatine tonsil, lingual tonsil

A

Like a second chance to destroy pathogens

206
Q

Epiglottis

A

Eating and breathing
-stops choking

207
Q

Laryngopahrynx

A

Both digestive and respiratory functions
-glossopahryngeal, vague nerves

208
Q

Larynx

A

-air passageway
-produces sound for speech
-increases pressure in abdominal cavity
-sneeze and cough reflex

209
Q

How many pieces of cartilage in the larynx

A

Nine in total
-three single
-three paired (six)

210
Q

Three single cartilages

A

-thyroid, epiglottis, cricoid
Function: support and protect larynx

211
Q

Three paired cartilages in larynx

A

-arytenoid, cuneiform, corniculate
Functions: involved in sound production

212
Q

Vocal folds

A

True vocal cords
-opening, closing

213
Q

Vestibular folds

A

False vocal cords
-doesn’t directly involve

214
Q

Location of trachea

A

Larynx to T5

215
Q

Tracheal cartilage is

A

Hyaline

216
Q

Angular ligament of the trachea

A

Muscles to contract (night) and expand (day)

217
Q

Conducting zone of bronchial tree (top to bottom)

A

-trachea
-main bronchi
-lobar and segmental bronchi
-bronchioles and terminal bronchioles

218
Q

Respiratory zone of the bronchial tree

A

-respiratory bronchioles
-alveolar ducts
-alveolar sacs

219
Q

Right lung lobes

A

-superior lobe
-middle
-inferior

220
Q

Left lung lobe

A

-superior lobe
-inferior lobe

221
Q

What fissure separates the superior lobe from middle lobe (right lung)

A

Horizontal fissure

222
Q

What fissure separates the middle lobe from the inferior lobe (right lung)

A

Oblique fissure

223
Q

What separates the inferior from the superior lobe in the left lung

A

Oblique fissure

224
Q

Apex of the lung vs base of lung

A

Apex- top
Base- bottom

225
Q

Left lung function

A

Smaller due to heart

226
Q

Hilum

A

Right lung
-blood vessels enter and leave

227
Q

Cardiac notch

A

Left lung
-left ventricle pushes lung

228
Q

Type I alveolar cell

A

Permits gas exchange
-squamous epithelium

229
Q

Type II alveolar cell

A

Reduces surface tension/ stop from collapsing
-secrete surfactant

230
Q

Alveolar macrophages

A

Engulf particles
-phagocytic cells

231
Q

Type of epithelium in alveolar cells

A

Simple squamous

232
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

-right side heart Pumps deoxygenated blood thru pulmonary arteries to the lungs
-picks up oxygenated blood by pulmonary veins to bring back to left heart

233
Q

Systemic circulation

A

-left side of heart pumps oxygenated blood thru systemic arteries to body cells
-systemic veins carry deoxygenated blood to right side

234
Q

Where is the heart located

A

In the mediastinum

235
Q

Heart is enclosed within tough sac called

A

Pericardium

236
Q

Pericardium

A

-double serous membrane
-encloses the heart
Parietal and visceral

237
Q

Fibrous pericardium

A

Prevents over stretching of the heart
-anchors to the mediastinum

238
Q

Myocardium

A

Middle and thickest layer
-full of cardiac muscles for contraction

239
Q

Endocardium

A

Lines the internal surface of heart chambers
-simple squamous epithelium and areolar

240
Q

Parietal vs visceral

A

Parietal - outer
Visceral - inner

241
Q

Serous pericardium

A

Made of parietal and visceral

242
Q

Epicardium

A

Visceral layer of the serous pericardium
-areolar connective tissue

243
Q

Three layers of heart wall structure (superficial to deep)

A

-epicardium
-myocardium
-endocardium

244
Q

Cardiac muscle characteristics

A

-intercalated discs
-desmosomes (for flexibility)
-gap junctions (action potential to spread)

245
Q

Sulci

A

Surface markings/grooves
-mark boundary between two chambers

246
Q

Three sulci

A

-coronary
-anterior interventricular
-posterior interventricular

247
Q

Coronary sulcus

A

Marks boundary between superior atria and inferior ventricles a

248
Q

Anterior interventricular sulcus

A

Right and left ventricles

249
Q

Posterior interventricular sulcus

A

Between the ventricles on posterior side of heart

250
Q

Artery and vein within posterior interventricular sulcus

A

-posterior interventricular artery
-middle cardiac vein

251
Q

Anterior interventricular sulcus artery

A

Anterior ventricular artery

252
Q

Artery in coronary sulcus

A

Right coronary artery

253
Q

Features of Right atrium

A

-receives deoxygenated blood from three veins
-contains pectinate muscles
-tricuspid valve
-fossa ovalis

254
Q

Three veins of the right atrium

A

-superior/inferior vena cava
-coronary sinus

255
Q

Coronary sinus

A

Deoxygenated blood from heart surface

256
Q

Pectinate muscles

A

Expand size of atrium to hold blood
-internal smooth muscles

257
Q

Fossa ovalis

A

Oval shaped depression

258
Q

Foramon oval

A

Direct transport across lung as fetus’ lungs do not function

259
Q

Features of right ventricle

A

Deoxygenated blood to pulmonary arteries
-trabeculae carneae
-chordae tendineae
-pulmonary valve

260
Q

Trabeculae carneae

A

Raised bundles of cardiac muscle fibres

261
Q

Chordae tendineae

A

Secures atrial ventricle walls and papillary muscles
-controls opening and closing
-tendon sheet

262
Q

Pulmonary valve

A

Opens on contraction

263
Q

Papillary muscles

A

Regulate opening and closing veins

264
Q

Left atrium features

A

-pulmonary veins
-bicuspid

265
Q

Bicuspid valve

A

Separates left atrium from left ventricle

266
Q

Left ventricle

A

Thickest- transports blood through body
-trabeculae carneae
-chordae tendineae

267
Q

Atria chambers vs ventricle

A

Atria - thinner (less pressure and distance)
Ventricle - thicker (more pressure and distance)

268
Q

Four valves

A

-pulmonary valve
-aortic valve
-bicuspid valve
-tricuspid valve

269
Q

aortic valve

A

End of the left ventricle and entrance into the aorta

270
Q

Pulmonary valve

A

Between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

271
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

Between right atrium and right ventricle

272
Q

Arterioles and capillaries are a part of which circulation

A

Systemic

273
Q

Pulmonary capillaries and veins are a part of which cirulation

A

Pulmonary circulation

274
Q

Left coronary arteries

A

Anterior interventricular artery and circumflex artery

275
Q

Anterior interventricular artery

A

Wall of both ventricles and interventricular septum

276
Q

Circumflex artery

A

Wall of left atrium and ventricle

277
Q

right coronary arteries

A

Maringal artery and post artery

278
Q

Marginal artery

A

Wall of right margin of the heart

279
Q

Post artery

A

Left and right posterior ventricles

280
Q

Coronary circulation function

A

Supplies blood to heart wall

281
Q

Conductive system function

A

Propagate electrical impulses to contractile cells

282
Q

Order of conductive system

A
  1. sinoatrial node
  2. Atrioventricular node
  3. Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his)
  4. Right and left bundle branches
  5. Purkinje fibers
283
Q

Endothelium in a vein versus an artery

A

Artery- narrow

Vein- wide

284
Q

Internal elastic lamina in a vein versus an artery

A

Vein- contains none
Artery - contains

285
Q

Tunica media in a vein versus an artery

A

Vein - thinner/ artery - thicker

286
Q

External elastic lamina in a vein versus an artery

A

Vein - contains none/ artery- contains

287
Q

Tunica external in a vein versus an artery

A

Vein - thicker/ artery - thinner

288
Q

Vasa vasorum in a vein versus an artery

A

Vein - more/ artery -less

289
Q

Capillary differences

A

One layer of epithelium /no tunica external or tunica media

290
Q

Veins vs arteries

A

Veins - contain valves, thinner tunica media, but thicker tunica external, diameter of tunica intima is larger
Arteries - thicker tunica media, thinner tunica external, diameter of tunica intima is smaller

291
Q

Three types of arteries

A

-elastic
-muscular
-arterioles

292
Q

Elastic arteries

A

-recoiling capacity due to elastic fibers (tunica media)

293
Q

Elastic arteries examples

A

-arteries in the heart : aorta/pulmonary, brachiocephalic, subclavian

294
Q

Muscular arteries

A

More smooth muscle, greater vascoconstriction and vasodilation, vascular tone, large internal elastic lamina

295
Q

Vascular tone

A

Partial contraction of smooth muscles (muscular arteries)

296
Q

Examples of muscular arteries

A

Brachial, anterior tibial, coronary and inferior mesenteric (around stomach)

297
Q

Arterioles

A

Smallest, sympathetic innervation, less than six cell layers of smooth muscle in tunica media
Function: supply to tissue layer

298
Q

Capillaries

A

Smallest blood vessels, solely of tunica intima, exchange vessel of the body

299
Q

Continuous capillaries

A

Membranes of endothelial cells form a continous tube

300
Q

Location of continous capillaries

A

Muscles and the brain

301
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A

Many fenestrations (hole in endothelium layer)

302
Q

Location of fenestration

A

Small intestine, kidney

303
Q

Sinusoids capillaries

A

Wider, large fenestrations, incomplete or absent basement membrane, large intercellular clefts

304
Q

Location of sinusoids capillaries

A

Bone marrow and liver

305
Q

ductus Arteriosus becomes

A

Ligamentrium arteriosum

306
Q

Foremen ovale becomes

A

Fossa ovalis

307
Q

Ductus venosus becomes

A

Ligamentum venosum

308
Q

Umbilical vein becomes

A

Ligamentum teres

309
Q

Umbilical arteries become

A

Medial umbilical ligaments

310
Q

Function of the lymphatic system

A

Transports fluids and helps fight infections
-stores excess interstitial fluid (lymph)

311
Q

Lymph vessels transport

A

Dietary lipids

312
Q

Lacteals

A

Absorb lipids in the intestine

313
Q

Principle lymphatic trunks

A

-jugular trunks
-subclavian trunks
-bronchomediastinal trunks
-intestinal trunk
-lumbar trunk

314
Q

Lymph passes from lymphatic capillaries into

A

Lymphatic vessels

315
Q

From lymphatic vessels they travel then through

A

Lymph nodes

316
Q

Lymph nodes/lymphatic vessels unite to form

A

Lymph trunks

317
Q

Jugular trunks

A

The head and neck

318
Q

Subclavian trunks

A

Upper limbs, breasts and superficial thoracic wall

319
Q

Bronchomediastinal trunks

A

Deep thoracic structures

320
Q

Intestinal trunk

A

Most abdominal structures

321
Q

Lumbar trunks

A

Lower limbs,abdominopelvic wall and pelvic organs

322
Q

Lymphatic ducts form from the fusion of

A

Lymphatic trunks

323
Q

Right lymphatic duct is deep to the _____ and returns lymph at the junction of the _____

A
  1. Clavicle
  2. Right subclavian and internal jugular veins
324
Q

Right lymphatic duct

A

Returns lymph from the right side of the head and neck, right upper limb and right side of thorax

325
Q

Thoracic duct

A

Largest lymphatic vessel
-collects from most of body except right lymphatic duct drainage

326
Q

Macrophages

A

Engulf foreign substances, present antigens to other lymphoid cells
-phagocytosis

327
Q

Nurse cells (special epithelial cells)

A

Secretory cells in the thymus

328
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Internalize antigens and present them to lymphocytes

329
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Most abundant lymphoid cells

330
Q

Three types of lymphocytes

A

T-lymphocytes
B-lymphocytes
Natural killer

331
Q

T-cells

A

Destroy virally infected cells and cancer cells

332
Q

B-cells

A

Produce antibodies against bacteria

333
Q

NK cells

A

Destroy cancer cells

334
Q

Thymus

A

-site of T-lymphocyte maturation and differentiation
-stores maturing lymphocytes

335
Q

Where is the thymus located in adults

A

Superior mediastinum

336
Q

Where is the thymus located in children

A

Anterior and superior mediastinum

337
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Filter lymph, mount immune responses
Located: throughout body

338
Q

Spleen

A

-filters blood and recycles RBC and platelets
-blood reservoir
-houses lymphocytes
-immune responses

339
Q

Spleen location

A

Left upper quadrant of abdomen
-9th to 11th ribs

340
Q

Cortex of thymus

A

Immature T cells migrate from red bone marrow
-where T cells proliferate and mature

341
Q

What cells does the cortex contain

A

Immature T-lymphocytes, nurse cells and macrophages

342
Q

Nurse cells secrete

A

Thymus hormones

343
Q

The medulla (thymus) contains

A

Mature T-lymphocytes and epithelial cells

344
Q

Trabeculae

A

Divide a lymph node into compartments

345
Q

Stroma of lymph node

A
346
Q

Red pulp surrounds each cluster of

A

White pulp

347
Q

Parenchyma is made up of

A

White pulp and red pulp

348
Q

White pulp

A

T and B lymphocytes, and macrophages
-immune responses

349
Q

Red pulp

A

Blood filled venous sinuses
-removes defective blood cells and platelets
-stores platelets
-produces RBC during fetal life

350
Q

Aqueous humor

A

Removes waste products and helps maintain chemical enviroment
-secretes into posterior chamber

351
Q

Scleral venous sinus

A

Found between cornea and sclera
-resorted aqueous humor to the veins that drain the eye

352
Q

Vitreous humor

A

Fills space between the lens and retina
-maintains eye shape, support retina and transmits light from lens onto the retina

353
Q

Hyaloid canal

A

Found within vitreous humor, remnant of embryonic blood vessels

354
Q

Amacrine cells

A

Process and integrate visual information

355
Q

Ganglion cells

A

Innermost layer in neural layer
-neuronal convergence between bipolar cells

human anatomy (15 decks)

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