Midterm Three Flashcards
Functions of the vertebral column
-support and upright body postition
-weight of the head
-houses/protects spinal cord and spinal nerves
Adult vertebral column contains __ vertebrae
26
How many cervical vertebrae
7
How many thoracic vertebrae
12
How many lumbar vertebrae
5
Function of curvatures
-inc strength
-shock absorber
Which vertebrae are immovable
Sacral and coggyeal
Cartilage of interverbreal discs
Fibrocartilege
Transverse process
Attachment site for ribs
Intervertebral foremen
Houses spinal nerves
Lamina
Superstates 3 processes
Pedicle
Gliding surface onto other spinal bones
-puzzle piece
Vertebral foremen
Opening
-where the spinal cord is
Body
Absorbs body weight
Difference between atlas and axis
Atlas- no body, contact with medulla, slightly larger, associated with head nod YES
Axis- smaller, has dens and spinous process, associate with head shake NO
Superior articular facets
Forms atlanto-occipital joint
_____ processes arise from the vertebral arch
Seven
Dens
2nd vertebra fits into first
Injury will affect medulla/physical trauma
Third to seventh vertebrae differences
-similar to thoracic
-most in common with each other
Thoracic vertebrae
-large and strong
-costal facets
-bodies articulate with the head of ribs
Which thoracic vertebrae do not articulate with the head of ribs
T11 and T12
Costal facets
Articulate the tubercles of ribs
Lumbar vertebrae
-largest and strongest (carry more body weight)
-no costal articular facets or transverse foramen
-intervertebral disc massive
Sternocleidomastoid O and I
O: manubrium of sternum and clavicle
I: mastoid process of temporal bone and nuchal line of occipital bone
Sternocleidomastoid function
Flexes cervical portion and head at Atlanta-axial joint
scalene muscles O and I
O: transverse process of ribs 2-7
I: first and second ribs
Scalene muscles function
Elevate the ribs
Anterior group of muscles (of neck, that move the head)
-sternocleidomastoid
-scalene muscles
Direction of blood flow to circle of willis
- Arch of aorta
- Subclavian
- Vertebral
- Basilar
- Cerebral arteries (posterior, anterior and middle)
- Circle of willis
Circle of Willis supplies blood to
The pituitary gland
Function of the thorax (rib cage)
-Protects: heart, lungs, trachea
-supports for upper limb
-breathing
Xiphoid process
Attachment for abdominal muscles
Body of ribs
Attachment for 12 ribs
Manubrium
Clavicle and rib attachment
-as well as some muscles
How many bones in the thoracic cage
25
Floating ribs
11-12
Which of the three articulate with the costal cartilages of ribs
-manubrium
-body
-xiphoid process
Manubrium and body
True ribs
1-7
-direct attachment to the sternum
False ribs
8-10
Indirect attachment to the sternum
How many false ribs are there
5 ribs
-ten altogether (two slides)
Where do the false ribs attach
Attach to rib 7
Floating ribs
11-12
No attachment to sternum at all
How many true ribs
There are seven
How many false ribs
5
How many false ribs that are not floating ribs
3
How many Floating ribs
2
Muscles of inspiration
-diaphragm
-external intercostal
Muscles of expiration
-diaphragm
-internal intercostal muscle
Accessory muscles of breathing
Forced exhalation:
-internal intercostals
-abdominal muscles
-transversus thoracic
-serratus posterior inferior
Accessory muscles of breathing
Forced inhalation:
-sternocleidomastoid
-scalenes
-pectoralis minor
-serratus posterior superior
-erector spinae
Where are the cervical plexus located
C1-c4
-Anterior rami
Phrenic nerve
Travels through thoracic cavity to innervate the diaphragm
Segmental branch
Deep muscles of neck
-levator scapulae
-scalene muscles
Cervical plexus superior roots
-infrahyoid
-geniohyoid
Cervical plexus inferior roots
Infrahyoid muscle
Receptor for olfaction
Olfactory
Receptor for gustation
Gustatory
Receptor for vision
Photoreceptor
Receptor for hearing
Inner hair cell
Stimuli’s is the
Activation of receptors
General senses
Temperature, pain, touch, stretch and pressure
Special senses
Gustation, olfaction, vision, equilibrium and hearing
Olfactory receptor cells
Detect odour
Supporting cells
-SUSTAIN RECEPTOR CELLS
Support
-nourishment
-insulation to receptor cells
-odour binding proteins
Basal cells
Replace worn out olfactory receptor cells
Bowman’s glands
Mucous producing glands that moisten the epithelial surface
-dissolve the odorant molecules
Olfactory gland
Contains immune mucus
What lobe does olfaction stimuli’s go to
Temporal lobe
Sweet taste
Sugars
Salty taste
Na+ and Cl-
Sour taste
Acids (H+)
Bitter taste
Alkaloids
Umami taste
Amino acids
Taste buds are found in
Papillae
Papillae
Elevations on the tongue
Filiform papillae
-tatctile receptors
-no taste buds
Not involved in food taste
Fungiform papillae
5 taste buds
-over entire surface of tongue
Vallate papillae
100-300 taste buds
-V shape row at back of tongue
Foliate papillae
Lateral margins of tongue
-degenerate in early childhood
Most involved taste buds
Vallate papilla
Where does taste stimuli get sent
Insula
Gustatory pathway cranial nerves
CN VII facial n
CN IX glossopharyngeal
CN x vagus
Olfactory pathway cranial nerves
CN I olfactory nerve
Palpebrae
Eyelids
Levator palpebrae
Muscle - provides a weak twitch
Palpebral fissure
Space between eyelids
Lacrimal caruncle
Contains sebaceous and sudoriferous glands
Tarsal plate
Support the eyelids
Tarsal glands
Located in the tarsal plate
Chalazion
Tumour or cyst in tarsal glands
Conjunctiva
Lining over the anterior surface of the eye
Palpebral conjunctiva
Thin protective mucous membrane
Tarsal glands
Sebaceous glands within eyelids
-prevents overflow of tears and sticking together of eyelids
Palpebral commissaries
Corners of the eyes
Lacrimal caruncle
Pink bump containing ciliary glands that produce gritty secretion
The superior eyelid is ….
More mobile
-protivetive
Choroid
Vascular, contains melanocytes
Sclera
Support, protection, maintains shape of the eye, and site of muscle attachment
Cornea
Avascular collagenous tissue
Retina
Inner most
-only structure responsible for converting light into rods and cones
Ciliary body/process
Melanocytes, aqueous humor
Iris
Coloured portion of the eyebal
-two smooth muscles
Pupil
Opening in the iris
-regulates light entrance
Fibrous tunic
Outer layer
Macula lutea
Contains the fovea centralis
Fovea centralis
Highly concentrated site of cones
-very sharp image
Optic disc
-blood vessels and nerves
Blind spot due to no rods or cones
Order of the three layers of inner layer (out to in)
-sclera
-choroid
-retina
Vascular tunic
Middle layer
Anterior chamber
Between iris and cornea
-filled with aqueous humor
Posterior chamber
Found between lens and iris
-vitreous humor
Pigmented layer of the retina
Melanin in the pigmented layer helps to absorb stray light rays
Neural/sensory layer in the retina
Photoreceptor, bipolar, ganglion cell layer
Cells present in bipolar cell layer
-horizontal cells
-amacrine cells
Photoreceptors
Rods, cones
Photoreceptor cells
Outermost layer, composed of rods and cones
Bipolar cells
Synapse with photoreceptors and ganglion cells
Ganglion cells
Innermost layer of retina
-these cells leave retina and form optic nerve
Rod
Black/night vision
-fine vision
100m
Cones
Colour vision
10m
Pigmented layer
Light rays and photoreceptors
Optic disc
Blind spot
-lacking photoreceptors
Fovea central is
Depression in the retina containing the highest proportion of cones and almost no rods
-sharpest vision
Fovea central is is located
Within macula lutea
Visual pathway leads to
Occipital lobe
-primary visual cortex
External ear
Collects sound waves
Middle ear
Transmit sound waves to oval window
Internal ear
Receptors for hearing and equilibrium
Auricle/pinna
Protects the entry into the ear and directs sound waves
Ceruminous glands
Produce wavelike secretion of cerulean
-reduces infection
Tympanic membrane
Vibrates when sound waves hit it
-vibrations provide means for transmission of sounds wave energy
Auditory ossicles
Malleus, incus and stapes
Transmitting sound enters into the inner ear via
Oval window
Round window
Separates the middle ear from inner ear
Auditory tube
Open connection with the atmosphere
Tympanic cavity of the middle ear housing
the three smallest bones of the body
Membranous labyrinth
Within the body labyrinth
-consists of fluid filled tubes and spaces
Perilymph
Fluid within osseous labyrinth, surrounding and protecting membranous labyrinth
-extracellular fluid
Endolymph
Fluid within membranous labyrinth of the inner ear
-intracellular fluid
Semicircular canals
Each contain a membranous labyrinth structure called semicircular duct
Vestibule
Contains two saclike membranous labyrinth structures
-utricle
-saccule
Cochlea
Houses membranous labyrinth structure called choclear duct