Chapter 14 Flashcards
Neurology
A study of the normal and disordered nervous system
What part of the nervous system is under CNS
The brain and spinal cord
What parts of the nervous system is under PNS
-Cranial and spinal nerves
-ganglia
Ganglia
Small masses of nervous tissue
-found outside the CNS
-very similar to a neuron
Enteric plexuses
Networks of neurons located in their walls of GI tract
-help regulate digestive system actives
-brain of the gut
Cranial nerves
Emerge from the brain
Spinal nerves
Emerge from the spinal cord
Three major functions of the nervous system
- Collects information
- Processes and evaluates information
- Initiates responses
How does the nervous system collect information
Receptors in PNS detect changes in environment
-pass it onto the CNS
How does the nervous system initiate the response
CNS initiates impulses sent to PNS, which carries to effectors to react to changes in environment
Somatic sensory
Spinal cord is made up of what types of matter?
White and grey
What is white matter?
The ascending and descending
What is grey matter
The reflex arc
-resembles an H shape
-contain nuclei (neuron cell bodies)
Spinal cord function
Connects the brain to the rest of the body
Ascending is
Sensory
Descending is
Motor
What are the four “parts” of the spine from top to bottom
-cervical part
-thoracic part
-lumbar part
-sacral part
Epidural layer
Major part in surgery epidermal
-lies between rural and periosteum
Arachnoid mater
-Middle layer, contains villi and creates cerebral spinal fluid
Dura mater in spinal cord
Outer layer
-single layer
-provide stability
Pia mater
-inner layer
-delicate layer that supports some blood vessels
Intervebrel foramen
The doorway between the spinal canal and periphery
Posterior/dorsal means
Sensory
Posterior ramus
Sensory
-supplies nerves to deep muscles and skin of posterior surface
Anterior/ventral root
Motor
-supplies the upper and lower limb muscles
-skin of lateral and anterior trunk region
Rami is
Plural
Ramus is
Singular branch
Plexus
Network of various axons
four principle plexus
-cervical plexus
-brachial plexus
-lumbar plexus
-sacral plexus
Brachial plexus
-found in C5-T1
-formed by anterior rami
What five nerves are a part of brachial plexuses
-axillary
-radial
-median
-ulnar
-musculocutaneous
Ulnar nerve is active where
Anterior forearm muscles and intrinsic hand
(Pinky side of hand)
Radial nerve is active where
Posterior region of forearm
-majority of forearm but not the pinky
Musculocutaneous nerve
Anterior arm muscles
-nothing in the hand
-above the thumb
Median nerve
Anterior forearm muscles
-thenar muscles and lumbricals
THENAR GROUP (mostly palm)
Axillary nerve
-deltoid, teres minor and superiolateral arm
-shoulder
Where does the arch of the aorta branch out to in blood supply
-brachiocephalic trunk
-left common carotid
-left subclavian
Where does the brachiocephalic trunk lead
-common carotid
-subclavian
Where does the subclavian lead
Axillary
Where does the axillary lead
Brachial
Where does the brachial lead
Radial or ulnar artery
Where do the radial and ulnar lead
-deep palmar arch or superficial palmar arch
There are three final branches that arteries lead too, what are they?
-palmer metacarpal
-common palmar digital
-proper palmer digital
Superficial veins
-subclavian
-cephalic
-medial cubical vein
-basilic vein
-dorsal venous network
Deep veins
-superior vena cava
-subclavian
-brachiocephalic
-axillary
-superficial palmar venous arch
Subclavian arteries
Supply blood to the upper limbs
axillary artery
Supply blood to the shoulder and thoracic region
Brachial artery
Supplies blood to the inferior border of teres major
Radial artery
Blood to the radius side
Ulnar artery
Supply blood to the ulnar side
Radial artery leads to
Superficial palmar arch
Ulnary artery leads too
Deeper palmar arch
Superficial palmar arch and deeper palmar arch both supply blood too
Palm of your hand
Digital arteries and palmar metacarpal both supply blood too
The fingers
Cervical part
Superiormost region of the spinal cord
-continuous with medulla oblongata
-sensory neurons
C1-C5
More white than grey matter
Thoracic part
Inferior to cervical part
-neurons for thoracic spinal nerves
More white than grey matter
Lumbar part
Shorter segment of the spinal cord
-neurons for lumbar spinal nerves
Equal amounts white and grey matter
Sacral part
Inferior to lumbar part
-contains neurons for sacral spinal nerves
More grey matter than white
Coccygeal part
Most inferior tip of spinal cord
Conus medullaris
Inferior end of the spinal cord
Cauda equina
Groups of axons
-within vertebral canal inferior to inferior end
Total amount of spinal nerves
There are 31 spinal nerves
There are ___ cervical nerves
8
There are ____ thoracic nerves
12
There are __ lumbar nerves
5
There are ___ sacral nerves
5
There are __ coccygeal nerves
1
Subarachnoid space
Space filled with cerebrospinal fluid
Grey matter is composed of
-dendrites
-neuron cell bodies
-glial cells
-unmyelinated axons
White matter is composed of
Myelinated axons
Spinal nerves
Extend from spinal cord to effector organs and sensory receptors
Multiple anterior rootlets form
A single anterior root
Anterior root
Contains motor axons only
The brain and spinal cord make up
The central nervous system
The cranial nerves, spinal nerves and ganglia make up what system?
Peripheral nervous system
Ganglia
A nerve outside the CNS
-the same functionally as a neuron
Enteric nervous system
Located in the wall of the GI tract to regulate digestive system
-brain of the gut
Functions of the nervous system
-collects information by receptors in the PNS
-process and evaluate information
-initiate appropriate responses
somatic
Voluntary branch
-sensory and motor
Autonomic
Involuntary
-sensory and motor
Somatic sensory
Sensory input that consciously perceived
-five senses
Visceral sensory
Sensory input that is not consciously perceived
-blood vessel or heart activity
Sensory nervous system
Input
-detects stimuli and transmits information from receptors to CNS
Motor nervous system
Initiates and transmits information FROM CNS to effectors
Somatic motor
Consciously or voluntarily controlled
-effector is skeletal muscle
Autonomic motor
Not consciously controlled
-effectors are cardiac muscle, smooth muscles and glands
Sympathetic
Fight or flight
Parasympathetic
Rest and digest
Axon hillock
Site of actual action potential
Unipolar neuron
Single and short
Bipolar neuron
Two processes, one dendrite and axon
Multipolar
Many dendrites, single axon
-most common
Neurons
-allows body to communicate
-functional cell
-highly specialized
-lasts forever (memory)
-generates action potential
Glial cells
Nonexcitable
-provide support and nutrients to neurons
-can multiply
What do u have more of: neurons or glial cells?
Glial cells
What types of glial cells are found in the central nervous system
-astrocytes
-oligodendrocytes
-microglial
-ependymal
Astrocyte
Gate keepers
-part of the BBB
-controls permeability
Oligodendrocytes
Produce myelin
Microglia
Immune response
-phagocytes remove damaged nervous tissue
Ependymal
Produce CSF
Glial in the PNS
-satellite cells
-Schwann cells
Satellite cells
Part of the BBB, control permeability
Schwann cells
Produce myelin
