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human anatomy > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Neurology

A

A study of the normal and disordered nervous system

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2
Q

What part of the nervous system is under CNS

A

The brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What parts of the nervous system is under PNS

A

-Cranial and spinal nerves
-ganglia

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4
Q

Ganglia

A

Small masses of nervous tissue
-found outside the CNS
-very similar to a neuron

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5
Q

Enteric plexuses

A

Networks of neurons located in their walls of GI tract
-help regulate digestive system actives
-brain of the gut

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6
Q

Cranial nerves

A

Emerge from the brain

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7
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Emerge from the spinal cord

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8
Q

Three major functions of the nervous system

A
  1. Collects information
  2. Processes and evaluates information
  3. Initiates responses
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9
Q

How does the nervous system collect information

A

Receptors in PNS detect changes in environment
-pass it onto the CNS

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10
Q

How does the nervous system initiate the response

A

CNS initiates impulses sent to PNS, which carries to effectors to react to changes in environment

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11
Q

Somatic sensory

A
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12
Q

Spinal cord is made up of what types of matter?

A

White and grey

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13
Q

What is white matter?

A

The ascending and descending

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14
Q

What is grey matter

A

The reflex arc
-resembles an H shape
-contain nuclei (neuron cell bodies)

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15
Q

Spinal cord function

A

Connects the brain to the rest of the body

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16
Q

Ascending is

A

Sensory

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17
Q

Descending is

A

Motor

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18
Q

What are the four “parts” of the spine from top to bottom

A

-cervical part
-thoracic part
-lumbar part
-sacral part

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19
Q

Epidural layer

A

Major part in surgery epidermal
-lies between rural and periosteum

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20
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

-Middle layer, contains villi and creates cerebral spinal fluid

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21
Q

Dura mater in spinal cord

A

Outer layer
-single layer
-provide stability

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22
Q

Pia mater

A

-inner layer
-delicate layer that supports some blood vessels

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23
Q

Intervebrel foramen

A

The doorway between the spinal canal and periphery

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24
Q

Posterior/dorsal means

A

Sensory

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25
Q

Posterior ramus

A

Sensory
-supplies nerves to deep muscles and skin of posterior surface

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26
Q

Anterior/ventral root

A

Motor
-supplies the upper and lower limb muscles
-skin of lateral and anterior trunk region

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27
Q

Rami is

A

Plural

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28
Q

Ramus is

A

Singular branch

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29
Q

Plexus

A

Network of various axons

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30
Q

four principle plexus

A

-cervical plexus
-brachial plexus
-lumbar plexus
-sacral plexus

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31
Q

Brachial plexus

A

-found in C5-T1
-formed by anterior rami

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32
Q

What five nerves are a part of brachial plexuses

A

-axillary
-radial
-median
-ulnar
-musculocutaneous

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33
Q

Ulnar nerve is active where

A

Anterior forearm muscles and intrinsic hand
(Pinky side of hand)

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34
Q

Radial nerve is active where

A

Posterior region of forearm
-majority of forearm but not the pinky

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35
Q

Musculocutaneous nerve

A

Anterior arm muscles
-nothing in the hand
-above the thumb

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36
Q

Median nerve

A

Anterior forearm muscles
-thenar muscles and lumbricals
THENAR GROUP (mostly palm)

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37
Q

Axillary nerve

A

-deltoid, teres minor and superiolateral arm
-shoulder

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38
Q

Where does the arch of the aorta branch out to in blood supply

A

-brachiocephalic trunk
-left common carotid
-left subclavian

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39
Q

Where does the brachiocephalic trunk lead

A

-common carotid
-subclavian

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40
Q

Where does the subclavian lead

A

Axillary

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41
Q

Where does the axillary lead

A

Brachial

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42
Q

Where does the brachial lead

A

Radial or ulnar artery

43
Q

Where do the radial and ulnar lead

A

-deep palmar arch or superficial palmar arch

44
Q

There are three final branches that arteries lead too, what are they?

A

-palmer metacarpal
-common palmar digital
-proper palmer digital

45
Q

Superficial veins

A

-subclavian
-cephalic
-medial cubical vein
-basilic vein
-dorsal venous network

46
Q

Deep veins

A

-superior vena cava
-subclavian
-brachiocephalic
-axillary
-superficial palmar venous arch

47
Q

Subclavian arteries

A

Supply blood to the upper limbs

48
Q

axillary artery

A

Supply blood to the shoulder and thoracic region

49
Q

Brachial artery

A

Supplies blood to the inferior border of teres major

50
Q

Radial artery

A

Blood to the radius side

51
Q

Ulnar artery

A

Supply blood to the ulnar side

52
Q

Radial artery leads to

A

Superficial palmar arch

53
Q

Ulnary artery leads too

A

Deeper palmar arch

54
Q

Superficial palmar arch and deeper palmar arch both supply blood too

A

Palm of your hand

55
Q

Digital arteries and palmar metacarpal both supply blood too

A

The fingers

56
Q

Cervical part

A

Superiormost region of the spinal cord
-continuous with medulla oblongata
-sensory neurons
C1-C5
More white than grey matter

57
Q

Thoracic part

A

Inferior to cervical part
-neurons for thoracic spinal nerves
More white than grey matter

58
Q

Lumbar part

A

Shorter segment of the spinal cord
-neurons for lumbar spinal nerves
Equal amounts white and grey matter

59
Q

Sacral part

A

Inferior to lumbar part
-contains neurons for sacral spinal nerves
More grey matter than white

60
Q

Coccygeal part

A

Most inferior tip of spinal cord

61
Q

Conus medullaris

A

Inferior end of the spinal cord

62
Q

Cauda equina

A

Groups of axons
-within vertebral canal inferior to inferior end

63
Q

Total amount of spinal nerves

A

There are 31 spinal nerves

64
Q

There are ___ cervical nerves

A

8

65
Q

There are ____ thoracic nerves

A

12

66
Q

There are __ lumbar nerves

A

5

67
Q

There are ___ sacral nerves

A

5

68
Q

There are __ coccygeal nerves

A

1

69
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Space filled with cerebrospinal fluid

70
Q

Grey matter is composed of

A

-dendrites
-neuron cell bodies
-glial cells
-unmyelinated axons

71
Q

White matter is composed of

A

Myelinated axons

72
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Extend from spinal cord to effector organs and sensory receptors

73
Q

Multiple anterior rootlets form

A

A single anterior root

74
Q

Anterior root

A

Contains motor axons only

75
Q

The brain and spinal cord make up

A

The central nervous system

76
Q

The cranial nerves, spinal nerves and ganglia make up what system?

A

Peripheral nervous system

77
Q

Ganglia

A

A nerve outside the CNS
-the same functionally as a neuron

78
Q

Enteric nervous system

A

Located in the wall of the GI tract to regulate digestive system
-brain of the gut

79
Q

Functions of the nervous system

A

-collects information by receptors in the PNS
-process and evaluate information
-initiate appropriate responses

80
Q

somatic

A

Voluntary branch
-sensory and motor

81
Q

Autonomic

A

Involuntary
-sensory and motor

82
Q

Somatic sensory

A

Sensory input that consciously perceived
-five senses

83
Q

Visceral sensory

A

Sensory input that is not consciously perceived
-blood vessel or heart activity

84
Q

Sensory nervous system

A

Input
-detects stimuli and transmits information from receptors to CNS

85
Q

Motor nervous system

A

Initiates and transmits information FROM CNS to effectors

86
Q

Somatic motor

A

Consciously or voluntarily controlled
-effector is skeletal muscle

87
Q

Autonomic motor

A

Not consciously controlled
-effectors are cardiac muscle, smooth muscles and glands

88
Q

Sympathetic

A

Fight or flight

89
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Rest and digest

90
Q

Axon hillock

A

Site of actual action potential

91
Q

Unipolar neuron

A

Single and short

92
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

Two processes, one dendrite and axon

93
Q

Multipolar

A

Many dendrites, single axon
-most common

94
Q

Neurons

A

-allows body to communicate
-functional cell
-highly specialized
-lasts forever (memory)
-generates action potential

95
Q

Glial cells

A

Nonexcitable
-provide support and nutrients to neurons
-can multiply

96
Q

What do u have more of: neurons or glial cells?

A

Glial cells

97
Q

What types of glial cells are found in the central nervous system

A

-astrocytes
-oligodendrocytes
-microglial
-ependymal

98
Q

Astrocyte

A

Gate keepers
-part of the BBB
-controls permeability

99
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Produce myelin

100
Q

Microglia

A

Immune response
-phagocytes remove damaged nervous tissue

101
Q

Ependymal

A

Produce CSF

102
Q

Glial in the PNS

A

-satellite cells
-Schwann cells

103
Q

Satellite cells

A

Part of the BBB, control permeability

104
Q

Schwann cells

A

Produce myelin

human anatomy (15 decks)

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