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human anatomy > Chapter Five- Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter Five- Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Melanocytes

A

Skin colour cells that produce and store the pigment melanin

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2
Q

Major functions of the skin

A

-protection
-prevention of water loss/ secretions
-temperature regulation
-metabolic regulation
-immune system
-sensory reception

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3
Q

Epidermis

A

Epithelial tissue
-stratified keratinized
-outer thinner layer squamous

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4
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Provide replacement stem cells and new keratinocytes to replace dead cells
-inhibits evaporation

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5
Q

Langerhan cells

A

Part of the immune response (phagocytosis)
-key part in epidermal cancer cells
-5%
-present in stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum

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6
Q

Merkell cells

A

Sensory cells
-sensitive to touch
-when compressed release chemicals that stimulate sensory nerve endings

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7
Q

Stratum bassale

A

Deepest layer of epidermis
-single layer and tightly attached to underlying basement membrane
-contains merkle cells, keratinocytes and melanocytes

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8
Q

Stratum spinostum

A

Second from deepest
-non dividing keratinocytes linked together by demosomes
-macrophages and langhern cells

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9
Q

Stratum Granolusm

A

Third from deepest
-contains keratonin granules
-keratinization begins taking place

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10
Q

Stratum Lucium

A

Second from top
-thin, translucent region
-only found in thick skin, palms of hand and soles of feet
-keratinocytes
-no nucleus

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11
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

Top layer
-no nucleus
-anucleate keratinized cells (corneocytes)
-no nutrients
-desmosome breaks down

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12
Q

Cytokeratins

A

The keratins found in epidermal cells of the skin
-give skin strength and makes it waterproof

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13
Q

Melanin

A

Accumulates around the nucleus and shields the DNA within the nucleus

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14
Q

Darkening of skin

A

Takes place by the melanin production, and exposure to ultraviolet light

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15
Q

Keratinization

A

Keratinocytes fill up with protein keratin
-become thinner and flatter
-becomes a tightly interlocked layer of keratin fibres
-fully keratinized cell is dead, but strong due to keratin

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16
Q

A fully keratinized cell is…

A

Dead (no nucleus or organelles)
-strong because it contains keratin

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17
Q

Thick skin versus thin skin

A

Based on number of strata in epidermis

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18
Q

Thick skin

A

all five epidermal strata

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19
Q

Thin skin

A

lacks the stratum lucidum (only four layers)
-hair follicles, sebaceous glands, swat glands

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20
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Oxygen-binding protein present within red blood cells
-bright red colour

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21
Q

Amount of melanin in the skin is determined by

A

Heredity and light exposure

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22
Q

Carotene

A

Yellow-orange pigment
-acquired by eating vegetables such as carrots, corn and squash

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23
Q

Albinism

A

Hair is white, skin is pale, irises of eyes are pink
-lack of melanin production
-inherited recessive condition
-melanocytes cannot produce melanin

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24
Q

Bronzing

A

Skin appears golden-brown, copper or bronze in colour
-glucocorticoid hormone deficiency in adrenal cortex
-Addison disease

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25
Q

Cyanosis

A

Skin appears bluish, due to oxygen deficiency in blood
-airway obstruction, respiratory arrest, cardiac arrest or cold weather

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26
Q

Erythema

A

Skin appears abnormally red
-exercise, sunburn, heat, emotions
-increased blood flow in dermis

27
Q

Jaundice

A

Skin and sclera appear yellowish
-elevated levels of bilirubin in blood
-liver function is disrupted

28
Q

Pallor

A

Skin appears ashen, due to white collagen fibers in dermis

29
Q

Dermis

A

Lies deep to the epidermis
-areolar and dense irregular
-blood vessels, sweat glands, smooth muscle tissue, hair follicles

30
Q

Layers of Epidermis from deep to superficial

A

BSGLC
Basale
Spinosum
Granulosum
Lucidum
Corneum

31
Q

Two major regions of dermis

A

Superficial papillary layer and a deep reticular layer

32
Q

Papillary layer

A

-superficial region of the dermis
-areolar connective tissue
-sensory receptors

33
Q

Reticular layer of the dermis

A

Deeper major portion of dermis
-dense irregular connective tissue
-large bundles of collagen fibers project in all directions

34
Q

Lines of cleavage

A

Orientation of collagen fiber bundles

35
Q

Perpendicular incision means

A

May gape, and delay healing

36
Q

Incision parallel to cleavage lines

A

Heals much more quickly

37
Q

Innervation

A

To supply with nerves
-nerve fibers are dispersed throughout the dermis
-skin monitor sensory receptors

38
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

The diameters of the vessels narrow
-less blood flow
-happens when body is cold

39
Q

Vasodialation

A

Diameter of vessels increase
-more blood flow
-when the body is hot

40
Q

Subcutaneous layer

A

Deep to the integument
-excessively vascular
-areolar areas function to bind to the underlying tissues
-adipose areas function as fat

41
Q

Nail matrix

A

Actively growing part of the nail

42
Q

Lunula

A

Whitish semilunar area

43
Q

Cuticle

A

Narrow band of epidermis, onto the nail body

44
Q

Hyponychium

A

Region of thickened stratum Corneum, the free nail edge projects

45
Q

Phalanx

A

Finger bone

46
Q

Free edge

A

Part of the nail that is unvascularized

47
Q

Hair bulb

A

Swelling at the base of the bulb
-made up by Epithelial cells

48
Q

Hair papilla

A

Small portion of connective tissue
-tiny blood vessels and nerves

49
Q

Root

A

Portion of the hair deep to the skin surface

50
Q

Shaft

A

Portion of the hair that extends beyond skin surface

51
Q

Hair matrix

A

Hair production
-specialized type of keratinization

52
Q

Medulla

A

Remnant of the soft core of the matrix
-loosely arranged cells, soft keratin

53
Q

Cortex

A

Several layers of flattened cells closer to the outer surface

54
Q

Cuticle

A

Multiple cell layers around the cortex
-coats the hair
Outer most

55
Q

Hair follicle

A

Oblique tube that surrounds the root hair

56
Q

Arrector pili muscles

A

Stimulated in response to emotional state, or temperatures
-muscle contracts, pulling follicles elevating the hairs
-goose bumps

57
Q

Functions of hair

A

-protection
-heat retention
-sensory reception
-visual identification

58
Q

Apocrine sweat glands

A

Produce viscous, complex secretion
-influenced by hormones
-axillary, anal, areolar and pubic regions

59
Q

Merocrine sweat glands

A

Watery secretion
-controlled by nervous system
-antibacterial protection, thermoregulations
Found thoughout the body, especially prominent on palms, soles and forehead

60
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Produce sebum
-associated with hair follicles

61
Q

Sebum

A

Coats epidermis and shaft of hair
-lubrication and antibacterial activity

62
Q

Ceruminous glands

A

Waterproof earwax called cerumen
-lubricates the ear

63
Q

Mammary glands

A

Breast milk to nourish offspring
-breasts

human anatomy (15 decks)

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